Литература, источники

(1) Thomas W. Braden, 'Kirn Philby of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service', Washington Post. 12 May 1968.

(1) PRO, CAB/16/8/ERE 9077.

(2) ibid., p. 3.

(3) PRO, WO/32/8873/ERE 9077.

(4) William Le Oueux, Things I Know about Kings, Celebrities and Crooks (London: Evelyn Nash & Grayson, 1923), p. 242.

(5) ibid., p. 251.

(6) William Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1909), p. xi.

(7) PRO. CAB/16/8/ERE 9077, Appendix I.

(8) PRO, CAB/16/8/ERE 9077, p. 10. Further quotations in this chapter come from this document, unless otherwise stated.

(9) PRO, CAB/16/8/ERE 9077, Secret Report and Proceedings.

(10) Slade Papers III, microfilm MRF 39/3, National Maritime Museum , Greenwich .

(11) Recounted by Nicholas P. Hiley, 'The Failure of British Espionage against Germany , 1907 – 1914', Historical Journal, vol. 26, no.4 (1976), pp. 867 – 89.

(12) The Times, 4 November 1911 .

(13) The Times, 29 October 1914 .

(14) Hiley, 'Failure of British Espionage', p. 887.

(15) Walther Nicolai, The German Secret Service (London: Stanley Paul, 1924), pp. 52 – 3.

(16) The statement was printed in The Times, 9 October 1914 .

(17) Hiley, 'Failure of British Espionage', p. 888.

(1) Skardon in interview with author, 1967.

(2) Nigel West, MI6. British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909 – 1945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), p. 7.

(3) Alley in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(4) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part I. ВВС Radio 4, 5 March 1980 .

(5) Nicolai, German Secret Service, p. 18.

(6) PRO, WO/106/45/ERE 9077, p. 15.

(7) Herbert von Bose, ' Verdun , Galizien, Somme , Isonzo… Oder Wo?', in Hans Henning Freiherr Grote (ed.), Vorsicht! Feind hort mit! (Berlin, Neufeld und Henius, 1930), pp. 73 – 4.

(8) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, American Espionage (New York: The Free Press, 1977), p. 49.

(9) Fletcher Pratt, 'How Not to Run a Spy System', Harper's, September 1947, p. 243.

(10) William R. Corson, The Armies of Ignorance (New York: The Dial Press, 1977), pp. 591 – 2.

(11) See, for example. Henry Landau, The Enemy Within (New York: Putnam's, 1937).

(12) Nicolai, German Secret Service, p. 109.

(13) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 65.

(14) S. T. Felstead, German Spies at Bay (London: Hutchinson, 1920), p. 20.

(15) PRO, WO/32/4898/ERE 9077.

(16) ibid., Minute sheet 12D, 8 November 1920 .

(17) ibid., Minute sheet 13, 12 November 1920 .

(18) ibid., Petition from Greite in Parkhurst Prison, 12 September 1921 .

(19) Felstead, German Spies, p. 135.

(20) W. H. H. Waters, Secret and Confidential (London: John Murray, 1926), p. 36.

(21) Ulrich Trumpener, 'War Premeditated?', Central European History, vol. 9, no. 1 (March 1976), p. 67.

(22) Army Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 2 (July 1929), p. 287.

(23) See Maurice Paleologue, 'Un prelude a 1'invasion de Belgique', Revue des deux mondes, vol. 11 (October 1932).

(24) Nicolai, German Secret Service, p. 186.

(25) See Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence (London: Sphere, 1978), pp. 21 – 6.

(26) Sam Waagenaar, The Murder of Mata Hari (London: Barker, 1964), pp. 251 – 2

(27) ibid., p. 250.

(28) Letter from Major von Roepell to Major General Gempp, 24 November 1941 , in ND collection. Military Archives, Freiburg , West Germany .

(29) World's Pictorial News, 25 April 1926 , p. 3.

(30) Nicolai, German Secret Service, pp. 287 – 8.

(31) A. Swetschin, 'The Strategy', in Max Ronge (ed.), Kriegs und Industrie Spionage (Vienna: Amalthea, 1930), p. 86.

(1) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 1, BBC Radio 4, 5 March 1980.

(2) House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George MSS, F/9/2/16, 'Reduction of Estimates for Secret Services', 19 March 1920.

(3) Kerby in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(4) Lloyd George MSS, F/9/2/16, Churchill to Lloyd George, Bonar Law, First Lord of the Admiralty. Lord Curzon, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, 19 March 1920.

(5) Lloyd George MSS, F/9/2/16, 'Reduction of Estimates for Secret Services', p. 2(vii).

(6) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980.

(7) Lloyd George MSS, F/33/2/3, Long to Lloyd George, 9 January 1919.

(8) Sidney Reilly, The Adventures of Sidney Reilly (London: Elkin Mathews & Marrot, 1931), pp. 28, 44.

(9) ibid., p. 43.

(10) ibid. Mrs Reilly tells her story in the second half of Reilly's unfinished book.

(11) ibid., p. 238.

(12) Quoted by Lewis Chester, Stephen Fay and Hugo Young, The Zinoviev Letter (London: Neinemann, 1967], p. 194.

(13) Christopher Andrew, 'The British Secret Service and Anglo-Soviet Relations in the 1920s'. Historical Journal, vol. 20, no. 3(1977). p. 705.

(14) Maugham's spell in Russia is best told in R. J. Jeffrey-Jones, American Espionage (New York: The Free Press, 1977), ch. 7.

(15) Paul Dukes, The Story of ST-25 (London: Cassell, 1938), pp. 32 – 3.

(16) ibid., p. 293.

(17) R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a Britich Agent (New York: Putnam's, 1932). p. 288.

(18) 'Russian Agent Planted on Sir R. Bruce Lockhart'. The Times, 14 March 1966.

(19) The Cheka plot is explained in Richard K. Debo, 'Lockhart Plot or Dzerzhinski Plot?', Journal of Modern History, vol. 43, no. 3 (1971), pp. 413 – 39.

(20) Kenneth Young, The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart: Vol 1. 1915 – 1938 (London: Macmillan, 1973).

(21) Respectively: Dukes in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967; and George A. Hill. The Dreaded Hour (London: Cassell, 1936), p. 260.

(22) Andrew, 'Britich Secret Service', pp. 690 – 1.

(23) Lloyd George MSS, F/203/3/6, Folder 5, 'Memorandum on the Situation in Russia'.

(24) Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, The Philhv Conspiracy (New York-Doubleday, 1968), p. 117.

(25) Lockhart, Memoirs, p. 341.

(26) Kirn Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968), p. xv.

(1) Sir David Petrie, Communism in India , 1924 – 1927 (Calcutta: Editions Indian, 1972), pp.174 – 5.

(2) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 118.

(3) Cecil in interview with author, 1980.

(4) Nicholson in interview with author, 1967.

(5) There are many versions of the Ellis story. This one comes from an interview with one of Ellis's senior officers. The author will forward letters to him.

(6) Gwynne Kean, letter to author, 4 March 1980 .

(7) Interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(8) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980 .

(9) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2.

(10) Nicholson in interview with author, 1967.

(11) ibid.

12 John Whitwell, British Agent (London: Kimber, 1966), pp. 70 – 1.

(13) Christopher Andrew, 'Now Baldwin 's Secret Service Lost the Soviet Code', Observer, 13 August 1978 .

(14) Christopher Andrew, 'Governments and Secret Services: a Historical Perspective',

International Journal, vol. 34, no. 2(1979), p. 180.

(15) F. H. Hinsley el al., British Intelligence in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1979), vol. 1, p. 56.

(16) Morton in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967. Morton said that his network controller was 'The Times man in Rome '. The Times staff records list Coote as its correspondent there during the relevant period.

(17) Walker in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(18) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 57 – 8.

(19) ibid., p. 83.

(20) Wesley K. Wark, 'British Intelligence on the German Air Force and Aircraft Industry, 1933 – 1939', Historical Journal, vol. 25, no. 3(1982), p. 640.

(21) Wark, 'British Intelligence', pp. 636 – 8. Christie's informant is identified as Ritter in C Andrew and D. Dilks (eds). The Missing Dimension (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 123.

(22) Barton Whaley, 'Covert Rearmament in Germany 1919 – 1939: Deception and Misperception', Journal of Strategic Studies, part 5 (March 1982), pp. 3 – 39.

(23) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 49, 80.

(24) ibid., pp. 46, 76 – 7.

(1) Heinz Hohne, Canaris (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1979), p. 161.

(2) Gert Buchheit, Der Deutsche Geheimdienst. Geschichte der militarischen Abwehr (Munich: List, 1966), p. 175.

(3) Nigel West, M15. British Security Service Operations 1909 – 1945 (London: The Bodley Head, 1981), pp. 92 – 104.

(4) The de Rop – Winterbotham relationship is described by Winterbotham himself in Secret and Personal (London: Kimber, 1969).

(5) Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1972), p. 86.

(6) David Kahn, Hitler's Spies (New York: Macmillan, 1978), p. 63.

(7) Farago, Foxes, p. 36.

(8) Thomas H. Etzold, 'The (F)utility Factor: German Information Gathering in the United States, 1933 – 1941', Military Affairs, vol. 39, no. 2 (1975), p. 78.

(9) ibid., p. 79.

(10) ibid.

(11) ibid.

(12) ibid., p. 80.

(13) Manfred Jonas, 'Prophet without Honour: Hans Heinrich Dieckhoffs Reports from Washington', Mid-America, vol. 47 (July 1965), pp. 222 – 33.

(14) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 46.

(15) ibid., p. 61.

(16) Philby, My Silent War, p. xix.

(1) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, 'History on Trial: a Critique of the CIA and its Critics', p. 6. Paper delivered at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 4 – 6 August 1983.

(2) Andrew, 'Governments and Secret Services', p. 181.

(3) Farago, Foxes, dustjacket.

(4) Corey Ford, Donovan of OSS (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1970), p. 112.

(5) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979 .

(6) Malcolm Muggeridge. Chronicles of Wasted Time. II: The Infernal Grove (London: Collins, 1973), p. 149.

(7) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 91.

(8) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 121.

(9) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980 .

(10) West, M16. p. 109.

(11) De Courcey in letter to author, 16 May 1981 .

(12) West, M16. p. 137.

(13) Interview with Peter Oilman, 23 March 1978 , unpublished.

(14) PRO, CAB/66/9/WP(40)244, 4 July 1940 , 'Imminence of a German Invasion of Great Britain '.

(15) JIC(40)376, 12 November 1940, quoted in Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 295.

(16) Private letter to author, 7 September 1967 .

(17) West, M16, p. 109.

(18) Philby, My Silent War, p. 4.

(19) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 278.

(20) Michael Elliot-Bateman (ed.). The Fourth Dimension of Warfare, Vol. 1. Intelligence! Subversion! Resistance (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1970), p. 53.

(21) David Stafford, Britain and European Resistance, 1940 – 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 209.

(22) Kerby in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(23) M. R. D. Foot, 'Was SOE any Good?', in W. Laquer (ed.). The Second World War (London and Beverley Hills, Calif.: Sage 1982), p. 251.

(24) See Werner Rings, Life with the Enemy: Collaboration and Resistance in Hitler's Europe 1939 – 1945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982) for examples.

(25) David Stafford, 'The Detonator Concept: British Strategy, SOE and European Resistance after the Fall of France', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 10(1975), pp. 215 and 196 respectively.

(26) See, for example, R. Crossman and K. Martin, 100, 000, 000 Allies If We Choose. pamphlet, July 1940.

(27) Foot, 'Was SOE any Good?', p. 247.

(28) Anthony Verrier, Through the Looking Glass (London: Cape, 1983), p. 37.

(29) Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors: O.S.S. and the Origins of the C.I.A. (London and New York: Deutsch and Basic Books, 1983), p. 85.

(30) Milovan Djilas quoted in Stafford's book Britain and European Resistance, p. 210.

(31) Richard Usborne, quoted in Mark Wheeler, 'The SOE Phenomenon', in Laquer, Second World War, p. 195.

(32) Foot, 'Was SOE any Good?', p. 243.

(33) PRO, 32/1061 l/MA/08233, Home Defence Security Executive, 20 March 1941.

(34) Respectively: interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967; and quoted in Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 350.

(35) The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute has investigated the German story without any conclusive result.

(36) Jean Overton Fuller, The German Penetration of SOE (London: Kimber, 1975), pp. 175 – 6.

(37) William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid: the Secret War 1939 – 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 457.

(38) Foot, 'Was SOE any Good?', pp. 248 – 9.

(39) Louis de Jong, 'The Great Game of Secret Agents', Encounter, January 1980, pp. 12 – 21; and West, M16, p. 180.

(40) Stafford, Britain and European Resistance, p. 137.

(41) ibid., p. 142.

(42) Bickham Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular (London: Methuen, 1965), p. 75

(43) Basil Davidson, 'Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War', New Statesman, 4 JULY 1980 , p. 11.

(44) Private letter to Peter Calvocoressi.

(45) Stafford , Britain and European Resistance, p. 180.

(46) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 24.

(1) There are many versions of these events. The best is to be found in Callum A. MacDonald, 'The Venio Affair', European Studies Review, vol. 8, no. 4 (October 1978), pp. 443 – 64.

(2) David Astor, 'Why the Revolt against Hitler was Ignored', Encounter, June 1969, p. 7.

(3) Telegram from D. G. Osborne (The Vatican) to London , 1 December 1939 , in 'Papst Pius XII, die britische Regierung und die deutsche Opposition in Winter 1939/40', Vierteljahreshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, vol. 22, no. 3 (1974).

(4) Astor, 'Revolt against Hitler', p. 8.

(5) MacDonald, 'Venio Affair', p. 445.

(6) West, M16, p. 71.

(7) MacDonald, 'Venio Affair', p. 448.

(8) Christie Papers, CHRS 1/27 – 8, Churchill College , Cambridge .

(9) W. Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs (London: Deutsch, 1956), p. 106.

(10) S. Payne Best, The Venio Incident (London: Hutchinson, 1950), p. 7.

(11) MacDonald, 'Venio Affair', p. 459.

(12) PRO, FO/371/C./7324/89/15, Churchill directive, 28 June 1940 .

(13) C. Simpson and P. Knightley, 'The Secret List of Rudolph Hess', Sunday Times, 7 November 1982 .

(14) Churchill's secretary. Sir John Colville, in interview with Colin Simpson and author, November 1982.

(15) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 100.

(16) West, M16, p. 112.

(17) ibid., pp. 186 – 7.

(18) ibid., p. 110.

(19) ibid., pp. 152 – 3.

(20) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 367.

(21) West, M16, pp. 84, 225.

(22) ibid., p. 44.

(23) ibid., pp. 50 – 2, 74.

(24) Louis de Jong, 'Britain and Dutch Resistance, 1940^ 1945', p. 21. Notifies voor het Geschied werk, no. 109 (undated), Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation.

(25) See Hans L. Trefousse, 'The Failure of German Intelligence in the United States, 1939 – 1945', Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 42, no. 1 (June 1955).

(26) Joint Weekly Intelligence Summary, British Troops, Austria. Liddell Hart Collection, 9/24/229, University of London, King's College Centre for Military Archives.

(27) West, M16, pp. 173, 184.

(28) ibid., pp. 200 – 1.

(29) Trefousse, 'Failure of German Intelligence', p. 100.

(30) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980.

(31) The correspondence between Liddell and Johnson, and Johnson and the State Department is in the National Archives, Washington under: US Embassy, London, 1940 – 1941, RG 84, Box 4/820/02/C/1940.

(32) Farago, Foxes, pp. 472 – 3.

(33) The Times, 6 September 1944.

(34) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 30 – 1.

(35) David Mure, Master of Deception: Tangled Webs in London and the Middle East (London: Kimber, 198G), p. 190.

(36) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 58.

(37) Mure, Master of Deception, p. 165.

(38) ibid., p. 37.

(39) Letter from Philby to author, 27 March 1978.

(40) Dusko Popov, Spy/Counter Spy (London: Panther, 1976), p. 223.

(41) 'German Naval Intelligence, Part B: Naval Intelligence and the Normandy Invasion', 15 October 1946, p. 44, US National Archives, Washington DC.

(42) See Gert Buchheit, Spionage in zwei Weltkriegen (Landshut: Politisches Archiv, 1975), p. 326; and O. Reile, 'Wer tauschte die deutsche militarische Fuhrung liber die Starke der in England fur die Invasion bereitgestellten Streitkrafte?' Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, no. 3 (1979), p. 83.

(43) Buchheit, Spionage, p. 326.

(44) 'German Naval Intelligence', cit. at n. 41, p. 68.

(45) Reile, 'Wer tauschte', p. 83.

(46) Mure, Master of Deception, p. 176.

(47) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 137, 187.

(1) Respectively: Ronald Lewin 'A Signal-Intelligence War', in Laquer, Second World War, p. 185; and Roger J. Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', Military Review, vol. 59, no. 8 (August 1979), p. 14.

(2) Harold Deutsch, 'The Influence of Ultra on World War II', Parameters: Journal of the U. S. Army War College , vol. 8 (December 1978), p. 6.

(3) David Kahn, 'The International Conference on Ultra', Military Affairs vol. 43, no. 2 (April 1979), p. 98.

(4) Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 36.

(5) Ralph Bennett, Ultra in the West (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 36.

(6) Agawa Hiroyuki, The Reluctant Admiral (Tokyo: Kadansha International, 1979), p. 347.

(7) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980 .

(8) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(9) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 19.

(10) D. Homer, 'Special Intelligence in the South-West Pacific Area in World War II', Australian Outlook, vol. 32, no. 3 (1978), p. 316.

(11) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 22; and Ralph Bennett, 'Ultra and Some Command Decisions', in Laquer, Second World War, pp. 223 – 4.

(12) Stephen E. Ambrose, "Elsenhower and the Intelligence Community in World War II', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 16 (1981), p. 158.

(13) 'Der Einfkuss alliierten Funkaufklarung auf den Verlauf des Zweiten Weltkrieges', Vierteljahreshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, vol. 27, no. 3 (1979), pp. 362 – 3.

(14) Ambrose, 'Eisenhower', pp. 158 – 9.

(15) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 108.

(16) 'Interim', British Army of the Rhine Intelligence Review, no. 19 (4 March 1946), in the Liddell Hart Papers under German Intelligence in the West, 1944 – 1945, File on Col M. University of London, King's College Centre for Military Archives.

(17) Gunther Blumentritt, 14 August 1942, Liddell Hart Papers, 9/24/229, Intelligence.

(18) J. Rohwer, and E. Jackel (eds). Die Funkaufklarung und ihre Rolle im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1979), p. 111.

(19) Spiller, Assessing Ultra', p. 18.

(20) Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: the Enigma of Intelligence (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1985), p. 244.

(21) Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 79 – 85.

(22) Philby, My Silent War, p. 38.

(23) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 178.

(24) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 58.

(25) Bennett, 'Ultra and some Command Decisions', p. 232.

(26) Peter Calvocoressi, 'Ne Plus Ultra World War', The Times. 3 May 1984.

(27) Bennett, 'Ultra and some Command Decisions', p. 231.

(28) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 20.

(29) Kahn 'International Conference on Ultra', p. 98.

(30) James Rusbridger, 'Secrets of Enigma", The Times, 17 May 1985.

(31) F. D. Shirreff, 'Some Experience with Special Signals', Mercury. The Magazine of the Royal Signals Amateur Radio Society (1981 – 2).

(32) David Kahn, 'Codebreaking in World Wars I and II', Historical Journal, vol. 23 no. 3 (1980), p. 624.

(33) Hodges, Alan Turing, p. 261.

(34) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 85.

(35) Kahn, 'Codebreaking', p. 624.

(36) His obituary in The Times. 31 August 1971 .

(37) See James Rusbridger, 'The Sinking of the Automedon, the Capture of the Nankin, Encounter, May 1985.

(38) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 94.

(39) Respectively: Nicholson in interview with author, 1967; Thomas O'Toole, 'World War II – Some Additional Postscripts Come to Light', International Herald Tribune (Paris), 14 September 1978; and interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Waldemar Werther, as reported in Rohwer and Jackel, Funkaufklarung, p. 65.

(41) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(1) John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1975), p. 89.

(2) ibid

(3) See M Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), pp. 406 – 10.

(4) Skardon in interview with Leitch, 1980.

(5) Robert Cecil, 'The Cambridge Comintern', in C. Andrew and D. Dilks (eds). The Missing Dimension (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 181.

(6) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 181.

(7) Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 172 – 5.

(8) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', pp. 181 – 2.

(9) Geoffrey McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(10) Letter from Liddell of Ml 5 to Johnson of American Embassy, 26 December 1940 , US National Archives, Washington DC .

(11) Private letter to Page, Leitch and Knightley, 3 August 1967 .

(12) Bruce Page, 'The Endless Quest for Supermole', New Statesman, 21 September 1979 , p. 414.

(13) M. Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', Sunday Times, 17 December 1967 .

(14) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 51.

(15) Philby, My Silent War. p. xviii.

(16) Letter to Harold Nicholson, undated.

(17) Nigel Wade, 'Soviet Press Praises Philby', Sunday Telegraph, 10 August 1980.

(18) Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', cit. at n. 13.

(19) Cesil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 19.

(20) Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy, p. 409.

(21) Letter from Philby to author, 18 February 1974.

(22) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 175.

(23) See Chalmers Johnson, An Instance of Treason (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1977).

(24) C. Johnson, Treason, p. 154.

(25) ibid., p. 154.

(26) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 239.

(27) Heinrich Haape, quoted in Desmond Flower and James Reeves (eds), The war 1939 – 1945. vol. 1 (London: Panther, 1967). p. 339.

(28) C. Johnson, Treuson. p. 18.

(29) ibid., p. 159.

(30) ibid., p. 172.

(31) Reported by the Associated Press in the Japan Times, 17 March 1975.

(32) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 54.

(33) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 435 – 6.

(34) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 58.

(35) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 443-4.

(36) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 75.

(37) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 480 – 2.

(38) Philby, My Silent War, pp. 44 – 5.

(39) Bentley in interview with Page. Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Philby, My Silent War, p. 61.

(41) Evidence of Petrov to the Australian Royal Commission, 1955, quoted in Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 216

(42) Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (London: Museum Press, 1949), p. 81.

(43) See, for example: Anthony Read and David Fisher Operation Lucy (London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1980); Chapman Pincher, Their Trade Is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981); Richard Deacon, A History of the British Secret Service (New York: Taplinger, 1970); and Constantine Fitzgibbon, Secret Intelligence in the 20th Century (London: Granada, 1978).

(44) Letter from Hinsley to author, 25 April 1984 .

(45) Hinsley, Britich Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 69 – 70.

(46) Respectively: Deacon, British Secret Service, p. 366; Read and Fisher, Operation Lucy, dustjacket; and Foote, Handbook for Spies, p. 82.

(47) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 60.

(48) See Ruth Werner (pseudonym for Kuczynski). Sonjas Rapport (East Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1977); and A. Terry, 'The Housewife who Spied for Russia ', Sunday Times, 27 January 1980 .

(49) Cable, Foreign Office to Ambassador, Algiers , 6 April 1944 , Eden Papers, SOE/44/17/192, Birmingham University .

(50) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 179.

(51) Kuczynski in interview with Anthony Terry, for author, 17 January 1980 .

(52) ibid.

(53) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979 .

(54) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 441.

(1) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, Eagle against Empire. United States Opposition to European Imperialism 1898 – 1981 (Aix-en-Provence: European Association for American Studies, 1983), p. 61.

(2) Jeffrey M. Dorwart, 'The Roosevelt – Astor Espionage Ring', New York History (July 1981), p. 309.

(3) ibid., p. 317.

(4) ibid.

(5) B. Smith. Shadow Warriors, p. 63; and Dorwart 'Roosevelt-Astor Espionage', p. 321.

(6) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, 'History on Trial: a Critique of the CIA and its Critics', p. 3. Paper delivered at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 4 – 6 August 1983.

(7) New York Times. 1 December 1938.

(8) West, MI6, pp. 202 – 3.

(9) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 114; and Anthony Cave Brown. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 153.

(10) Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), p. 237.

(11) West, MI6. p. 204.

(12) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 156.

(13) ibid., p. 168.

(14) ibid., p. 169; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 68 – 9.

(15) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 170.

(16) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 21.

(17) ibid., pp. 38 – 9.

(18) Peter and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot! (London: Quartet, 1980), p. 85.

(19) ibid., p. 108.

(20) ibid., p. 77.

(21) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 22.

(22) Professor Margaret Gowing, British Atomic Energy Authority official historian, interview with author, 1984.

(23) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 100 – 5.

(24) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 182.

(25) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 104.

(26) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 226, 233 – 4; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 117.

(27) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 306 – 7.

(28) See Timothy P. Mulligan, 'According to Colonel Donovan: a Document from the Records of German Military Intelligence', The Historian, November 1983, pp. 78 – 86.

(29) Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 306 – 8.

(30) ibid., pp. 315 – 16.

(31) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 593.

(32) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(33) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(34) R. Harris Smith, OSS (Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972), p. 185.

(35) ibid., p. 9.

(36) Edmond Taylor , Awakening from History (Boston, Mass.: Gambit, 1969), pp. 350 – 1.

(37) Lyman Kirkpatrick, The Real CIA (New York: Macmillan, 1968), p. 24.

(38) Malcolm Muggeridge, 'Book Review of a Very Limited Edition', Esquire, May 1966, p. 84.

(39) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 53.

(40) Stafford , Britain and European Resistance, p. 90.

(41) Edmond Taylor , Richer by Asia (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1947) pp. 225 – 7.

(42) Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 252.

(43) Respectively: interview with Leitch, September 1979; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 34.

(44) Taylor , Richer by Asia , p. 233.

(45) R. Smith, OSS , pp. 289-90.

(46) Respectively: R. Smith, OSS , p. 286; Cave Brown, Last Hero. p. 625; ibid., p. 644; and Kerby in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(47) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 609.

(48) R. Smith, OSS , p. 27.

(49) Letter from Philby to author, 1978.

(50) Respectively: Michael Howard, 'The Black Record of the Anglo-Saxons'. Sunday Times, 26 January 1978 ; and R. Smith. OSS , p. 354.

(51) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 645 – 8.

(52) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 339 – 48; and Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 423 – 6.

(53) Respectively: Whitwell, British Agent, pp. 202 – 7; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 229.

(54) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(55) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 87 – 8.

(56) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 641 – 2.

(57) Cave Brown (ed.). The Secret War Report of the OSS (New York: Berkley Medallion, 1976), p. 7.

(58) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 410.

(59) Thomas Inglis, Chief of Naval Intelligence, testifying before Congress. National Security Act Hearing, 27 June 1947 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 68.

(60) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 757.

(61) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 381 – 2.

(62) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), p. 304.

(1) National Security Act Hearing (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 41.

(2) David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine, 1981), p. 39.

(3) Respectively: National Security Act Hearing, pp. 38, 55; Pratt, 'How Not to Run a Spy System', p. 242; and Trevor Barnes, 'The Secret Cold War. The CIA and American Foreign Policy in Europe, 1946 – 1956, Part 1', Historical Journal, vol. 24, no. 2 (1981), pp. 400-4.

(4) Harry Howe Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence in the United States, 1947 – 1982: the ClA's Search for Legitimacy', in Andrew and Dilks, Missing Dimension, p. 206.

(5) National Security Act Hearing, p. 32.

(6) ibid., p. 46.

(7) ibid., p. 38.

(8) ibid., p. 35.

(9) Memo in the Leahy Papers, 25 February 1947, Box 20/132, US National Archives, Washington DC.

(10) National Security Act Hearing, pp. 28 – 9.

(11) ibid., pp. 22, 27, 29.

(12) ibid., pp. vi, 1.

(13) Respectively: Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 656; and Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 203.

(14) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 785.

(15) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 651.

(16) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 1', pp. 412 – 13.

(17) Michael J. Barrett, 'Honorable Espionage', Journal of Defence and Diplomacy (February 1984), p. 14.

(18) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', pp. 660, 663.

(19) Enver Hoxha, The Anglo-American Threat to Albania (Tirana: 8 Nentori, 1982), p. 430.

(20) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 664.

(21) Harry Rositzke, The ClA's Secret Operations (New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1977), p. 188.

(22) See David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch (New York: Atheneum, 1977).

(23) In a speech at Yale University , 3 February 1958 , quoted in R. Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 8, no. 1 (Fall 1981), p. 136.

(24) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(25) Letter from Philby to author, 27 March 1979 .

(26) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(27) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', London Review of Books, 6 – 19 September 1984, p. 12.

(28) Tad Szulc, 'When the Russians Rocked the World', The Times. 29 August 1984 .

(29) David Holloway, in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(30) New York Times, 7 May 1950.

(31) Quoted in Robert Kimball, 'Criminals of the Century?'. Unsolved, vol. 2, no. 21 (1984).

(32) David Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race: the Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939 – 1945', Social Studies of Science, vol. 11 (1981), p. 169.

(33) ibid., p. 175.

(34) ibid., p. 179.

(35) ibid., p. 183.

(36) ibid., p. 186.

(37) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(38) Davidson in letter to author, 16 October 1967 .

(39) Fuchs's confession to Dr Michael W. Perrin, atomic scientist, British Ministry of Supply, quoted in letter from Hoover to Souers, 2 March 1950 . Harry S. Trurnai; Library, President's secretary's files.

(40) Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race', p. 194.

(41) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(42) Fuchs's confession to Dr. Perrin, cit. at n. 39.

(43) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 389.

(44) National Security Act Hearing, p. 29.

(45) Margaret Gowing, 'Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons' (manuscript of chapter for Massachusetts Institute of Technology), p. 10.

(46) Barnes. 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 654.

(47) H. A. DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise in the Korean War', Orbis (Fall 1962), pp. 439 – 40.

(48) ibid., p. 438.

(49) Louis Heren. 'Korea: the Blame that Rests on MacArthur', The Times. 3 January 1981.

(50) DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise', p. 449.

(51) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 652.

(52) ibid., p. 655.

(53) 'Should the U. S. Fight Secret Wars; a Forum', Harper's. September 1984, p. 44.

(54) Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 209.

(55) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', p. 14.

(1) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 98.

(2) P. Hennessy and G. Brownfeld, 'Britain's Cold War Security Purge: the Origins of Positive Vetting'. Historical Journal, vol. 25, no. 4 (1982), pp. 971 – 2.

(3) ibid., p. 973.

(4) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4. 3 February 1982.

(5) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 180; and Cecil in interview with author, 31 January 1984.

(6) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 172.

(7) Kirkpatrick in interview with author, 1967.

(8) Robert Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(9) Retired SIS officer in interview with author, 26 June 1984 .

(10) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 186. ibid., p. 188.

(12) Philby, My Silent War, p. 129.

(13) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(14) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 193.

(15) Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), p. 251.

(16) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 195.

(17) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 291.

(18) Philby, My Silent War, p. 137.

(19) 29 September 1955 , FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(20) Letter from Fishman to Sunday Times, unpublished, 13 February 1977 .

(21) FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(22) Rosamond Lehman in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(23) Lord Egremont in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(24) ibid.

(25) FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(26) Geoffrey McDermott, former Foreign Office adviser to the head of SIS, in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(27) Respectively: 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4, 3 February 1982 ; and Wilbur Eveland, Guardian, 29 August 1980 .

(28) Unsigned article. New Statesman, 7 July 1978 .

(29) McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(30) Lord Egremont in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(31) Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(32) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 158.

(33) McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(34) A. J. Mcllroy 'Tried to Recruit Me to Be a Spy', Daily Telegraph, 9 December 1980 .

(35) The woman in interview with author, 4 December 1982 .

(36) Honore Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis (Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1980), p. 246.

(37) Edward J. Epstein, 'The Spy War', New York Times Magazine, 28 September 1980 .

(38) Leo Abse, 'How to Recognise Tomorrow's Spy', The Times, 26 October 1981 .

(39) Respectively: John Vassall, Vassall: the Autobiography of a Spy (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975), p. 158; and Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, The Dictionary of Espionage (London: Harrap, 1984), p. 16.

(40) Respectively: Epstein, cit. at n. 37; and Sean Bourke, The Springing of George Blake (London: Cassell. 1970), p. 242.

(41) Philby in interview with Sayle, 17 December 1967.

(42) Observer, 30 October 1966.

(43) Atticus, Sunday Times, 27 January 1982.

(44) 'Spy Blake's Jail-break Helper Dies', Daily Mail, 27 January 1982.

(45) Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(46) Miles Copeland, Real Spy World (London: Sphere, 1978), p. 94.

(1) Palph W. McGehee, Deadly Deceits (New York: Sheridan Square, 1983), p. 119.

(2) C. Sweeney, 'The Price of Freedom', Sunday Times Magazine, 1 December 1974.

(3) 'Has the KGB Fooled the West?', Sunday Times, 4 March 1984.

(4) David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine, 1981), p. 109.

(5) Edward J. Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked', Parade Magazine, 14 October 1984.

(6) see Anatoliy Golitsyn, New Lies for Old (London: The Bodley Head, 1984).

(7) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes for author, 1984.

(8) Stephen de Mowbray, former SIS officer in unpublished letter to Sunday Times; and Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(9) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, pp. 148 – 9.

(10) ibid., p. 192.

(11) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes, 1984.

(12) De Mowbray in unpublished letter cit at n. 8 above.

(13) Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(14) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', p. 14.

(15) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(16) Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(17) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(18) Joseph C. Goulden, Korea : the Untold Story (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 245.

(19) Angleton in undated statement first issued on publication of Martin's Wilderness of Mirrors.

(20) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, pp. 155 – 77.

(21) Henry J. Hurt, 'Is this American a Soviet Spy?', Reader's Digest, October 1981.

(22) ibid.

(23) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, p. 210.

(24) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982 .

(25) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes, 1984.

(26) Fitzroy Maclean, Take Nine Spies (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978), pp. 305 – 6.

(27) ibid., p. 306.

(28) Chapman Pincher, ' U. S. Intelligence Agents Find Shot Russian's Story Hidden in Drawer', Daily Express, 29 April 1965 .

(29) Catudal , Berlin Wall, pp. 242 – 3.

(30) John le Carre, 'Wardrobe of Disguises', Sunday Times, 10 September 1967 .

(31) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 197. See also Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Historical Series), Vol. XII, testimony of Hugh L. Dryden of NSA, 1 June 1960 .

(32) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', p. 142.

(33) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 30 – 1.

(34) ibid., pp. 26 – 9.

(35) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(36) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 30.

(37) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 206.

(38) Lawrence Freedman , U. S. Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat (London: Macmillan, 1979), p. 71.

(39) Verrier, Looking Glass, pp. 210 – 11.

(40) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, September 1979.

(41) Verrier, Looking Glass, pp. 217 – 18.

(42) ibid., p. 229.

(43) Robert Kennedy, 13 Days: the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 87.

(44) Sir Dick White, then head of SIS, quoted in Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 193.

(45) Robin Stafford, 'False, False, that Book about My Husband', Daily Express. 23 November 1965 .

(46) Edward Crankshaw, 'The Dispute about Penkovsky', Observer, 21 November 1965.

(47) Le Carre, 'Wardrobe of Disguises', cit. at n. 30.

(48) The diplomat in correspondence with the author. The diplomat, for professional and personal reasons, wishes to remain anonymous. But he has agreed that I may forward to him serious inquiries sent care of me.

(49) 'Russians Helped CIA during Cuba Crisis', The Times, 15 April 1971.

(50) Herbert Scoville, 'Is Espionage Necessary for Our Security?', Foreign Affairs, vol. 54, no. 3 (April 1976), p. 488.

(51) Letter from Rusbridger to author, 16 July 1985.

(52) Teresa Stem, 'The Tanganyika – Zanzibar Union: a Look at U. S. Non-Interference', unpublished paper, in present author's possession.

(53) Babu in interview with author, 4 September 1985.

(54) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', pp. 133 – 4.

(55) Frank Snepp, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 1 in Harrison Salisbury (ed.), Vietnam Reconsidered (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 57.

(56) Richard K. Betts, 'Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures are Inevitable', World Politics, vol. 31 (October 1978), p. 68.

(57) Chester L. Cooper, 'The CIA and Decision Making', Foreign Affairs, vol. 50 (January 1972), pp. 229 – 30.

(58) ibid.

(59) ibid., p. 232.

(60) Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency', p. 60.

(61) Kirkpatrick in interview with author, 1967.

(62) Henry Brand on. The Retreat of American Power (New York: Doubleday, 1973) p. 103.

(63) Respectively: Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency' p. 56; and Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, September 1979.

(64) Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency', p. 56.

(65) John Stockwell, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 3 in Salisbury, Vietnam Reconsidered, p. 64.

(66) McGehee, Deadly Deceits, p. 156.

(67) Ralph W. McGehee, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 2 in Salisbury, Vietnam Reconsidered, p. 63.

(68) David H. Hunter, 'The Evolution of Literature on United States Intelligence', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (November 1978), p. 32

(69) ibid., p. 32.

(70) John M. Crewdson, 'ClA's Propaganda Efforts', The Times of India (Bombay), 7 January 1978.

(71) Angus Mackenzie, 'Sabotaging the Dissident Press', Columbia Journalist Review March/April 1981, pp. 57 – 63.

(72) Church Committee, Final Report. Vol. 1 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 14.

(73) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(74) Frank Snepp, Decent Interval (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1980), back cover.

(75) Richard Eder, 'Why Decision in Snepp Case Disturbs Publishers', New York Times 11 March 1980.

(76) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(77) ibid.

(1) 'Shaping Tomorrow's CIA', Time Magazine. 6 February 1978, p. 24.

(2) Kenneth Harris, 'Did the CIA Fail America?', Observer, 9 December 1979.

(3) 'Shaping Tomorrow's CIA', p. 29.

(4) ibid., p. 31.

(5) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(6) Philip Agee, Playboy, August 1975, pp. 60 – 2.

(7) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(8) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982.

(9) Nigel West, 'The Hollis Affair and that Spy Called Elli', The Times, 23 October 1981.

(10) ibid.

(11) Obituary ofG. R. Mitchell, in The Times. 3 January 1985.

(12) see 'The Hollis Affair', Sunday Times, 29 March 1981.

(13) Former head of SIS in interview with author, 3 December 1981.

(14) Phillip Knightley, 'Cock-up or Conspiracy?', Sunday Times. 11 November 1984.

(15) Nigel West, A Matter of Trust. M15 1945 – 72 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1982), p. 178.

(16) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(17) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982.

(18) ibid.; and 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(19) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(20) S. Freeman, B. Penrose and C. Simpson, 'Military Coup Was Aimed at Wilson' Sunday Times. 29 March 1981.

(21) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(22) Maurice Crump, letter to The Times, 19 April 1984.

(23) Rees-Mogg in interview with author, March 1979.

(24) West, M15. British Security Service Operations 1909 – 1945: A Matter of Trust. M15 1945 – 72; M16. British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909 – 45; and The Branch – a History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch, 1883 – 1983 (London-Seeker & Warburg, 1983).

(25) The Deputy Treasury Solicitor, Sunday Times, 17 October 1984.

(26) Allason in interview with author, 1981.

(27) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979.

(28) lan Black, 'Second Wartime Spying Book Stopped', Guardian. 8 December 1983.

(29) ibid.

(30) Peter Calvocoressi, 'Action that Day', Sunday Times, 18 October 1981.

(31) 'Sons of Stalin's Englishmen?', The Times, 2 August 1984.

(32) Allason in interview with author, 1984.

(33) Mitchell's obituary in The Times, 3 January 1985.

(34) 'Panorama', BBC 1 television, 19 October 1981.

(1) M. R. D. Foot, 'Britain. Intelligence Services', The Economist, 15 March 1980.

(2) John Stockwell, a former CIA officer in Angola, in interviews with Christopher Hird of Diverse Productions for Channel 4 television, London, September 1985.

(3) ibid.

(4) Philip Taubman, 'Bolstered by Budget Increases Casey's CIA Comes Back', International Herald Tribune (Paris), 26 January 1983.

(5) John Stockwell, 'The Heart of the Matter', BBC 1 television, 22 September 1985; and Taubman, cit. at n. 4.

(6) David M. Alpern, 'America's Secret Warriors', Newsweek, 10 October 1983; and Guardian, 12 June 1984.

(7) Taubman, cit. at n. 4.

(8) Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 224.

(9) Jeff Stein, 'Spooking the Spook-namers', Village Voice, 12 – 18 November 1984; and Peter Hennessy, 'Intelligence Chiefs Draft Secrets Law', The Times, 9 April 1984.

(10) Jeremy Campbell, 'A Silly Season for Secrecy', Standard, 4 July 1984.

(11) Respectively: 'KGB Spy Thriller Fills TV Gap', The Times, 9 August 1984; and J. Kohan, 'The Eyes of the Kremlin', Time, 14 February 1983.

(12) Murray Sayle, 'The Spy Who Lost Me', Spectator, 11 June 1983.

(13) Linda Melvem, 'Exit Smiley, Enter IBM', Sunday Times, 31 October 1982.

(14) Andrew Cockburn, 'Tinker with Gadgets', Tailor the Facts', Harper's, April 1985, p. 66

(15) Duncan Campbell, 'Threat of Electronic Spies', New Statesman, 2 February 1979.

(16) David Kahn, 'Big Ear or Big Brother?', New York Times Magazine, 16 May 1976.

(17) Duncan Campbell, 'The Spies Who Spend What They Like', New Statesman, 16 May 1980.

(18) Estimates of the cost of GCHQ range from & 80 million a year (The Times, 10 April 1984) to & 200 million (New Statesman. 2 February 1979), to & 300 million (The Times, 20 March 1986). & 300 million is probably conservative.

(19) See David Leigh, 'US Agency «Bugged» Labour MPs', Guardian, 7 February 1981; John Peacock, 'Spy Centre on the Moors', Daily Mirror. 17 July 1980; Will Bennett, 'US Taking Control of British Spy Base, Daily Mail, 27 January 1985.

(20) John Connell, 'Cap the Knife Faces the Flak', Sunday Times. 10 February 1985.

(21) See David Martin, 'Unveiling the Secret NSA', Newsweek, 6 September 1982; and Kahn, cit. at n. 19, p. 64.

(22) Kahn, cit. at n. 19, p. 67; and Kahn in 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4, 3 February 1982.

(23) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4.

(24) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(25) Edward J. Epstein, 'Disinformation. Why the CIA Cannot Verify an Arms Control Agreement'. Commentary, July 1982.

(26) Cockburn, cit. at n. 17, p. 65.

(27) ibid., p. 67.

(28) The British diplomat. See Chapter 13, [48.

(29) H. Rositzke, 'America's Secret Operations: a Perspective', Foreign Affairs, vol. 53 (January 1975), p. 338.

(30) Richard Hall, The Secret State: Australia's Spy Industry (Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1978), p. 241.

(31) Respectively: Robert Harris, 'The Falklands Inquest', Listener, 24 June 1982; and Jeremy Campbell, 'Spy Plane Denied', Standard, 7 April 1982.

(32) Edward J. Epstein in interview with author, London, 29 June 1984.

(33) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, 'The Historiography of the CIA', Historical Journal, vol. 23, no. 2 (1980), p. 495.

(34) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(35) Kevin Cahill, 'Sh… the Following May Be a US Secret', The Times, 17 April 1984.

(36) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence'.

(37) Rositzke, ' America 's Secret Operations', p. 340.

(38) Richard Helms, 'The Secrets of Russian Espionage', Observer. 16 December 1979 .

(39) Respectively: 'Heart of the Matter', cit. at n. 5; and 'Can You Bore a Hole in the T-72?', Sunday Observer ( Bombay ), 4 March 1984 .

(40) Shyam Bhatia, 'Revealed-How the CIA Kept Watch on the Russians', Observer, 14 July 1985 .

(41) Herbert Scoville, 'Is Espionage Necessary?', p. 494.

(42) Stockwell in Hird interviews, and in 'Heart of the Matter', cit at n. 2 and 5.

(43) Stockwell in Hird interviews.

(44) Martin Page in interviews with author, 1967 and 1986.

(45) Hilary Bonner, 'The Spy Who Stayed Out in the Cold', Mail on Sunday, 30 December 1984 .

(46) David Jones, 'The Price of Freedom', Sunday Times Magazine, 1 December 1974 .

(47) Stockwell in 'Heart of the Matter', and in Hird interviews cit. at n. 5 and 2.

(48) Barrett, 'Honorable Espionage', p. 13.

(49) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence'.

(50) Young in 'Heart of the Matter', cit. at n. 5.

(51) Betts, 'Analysis, War and Decision', p. 79.

(52) Richard Hall, National Security and the Agent of Influence Myth (Sydney: Corradini Press, 1983), p. 19.

(53) Information provided by NEXIS, a news retrieval service from Mead Data Central.