|
||||
|
Áèáëèîãðàôèÿ Abbott, Ì.Å. and J. Kaufmann. 1916. Double monster of Janus type: cephalothoracopagus monosymmetros cyclops synotis. Bulletin of the International Association of Medical Museums 6: 95-101 Abramowicz, M.J. et al. 1992. Identification of a mutation in the coding sequence of the human thyroid peroxidase gene causing congenital goitre. Journal of Clinical Investigation 90: 1200-1204 Abu-Abed, S. et al. 2001. The retinoicacid-metabolising enzyme CYP26A1, is essential for normal hindbrain patterning, vertebral identity and development of posterior structures. Genes and Development 15: 226-240 Addison, J. 1721. The battel [sic] of the pygmies and cranes. London Adelmann, H.B. 1936a. The problem of Cyclopia I. Quarterly Review of Biology II: 161-182 Adelmann, H.B. 1936b. The problem of Cyclopia II. Quarterly Review of Biology II: 284-304 Afzelius, B. 1976. A human syndrome caused by immotile cilia. Science 193: 317-319 Alberch, P. 1986. Possible dogs. Natural History 95: 4-8 Alberts, B. et al. 1994. The molecular biology of the cell. Garland, N.Y. Albin, R.L. 1988. The pleiotropic gene theory of senescence: supportive evidence from human genetic disease. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 371-382 Aldrovandi, U. 1642. Monstrorum historia. Bononiae Ames, B.N. et al. 1993. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of ageing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90: 7915-7922 Anon. 1829a. Bulletin des sciences medicales 18: 169-172 Anon. 1829b. La Clinique I: 200 Anon. 1829c. La Clinique I: 254-255 Appel, T. 1987. The Cuvier-Geoffroy debate: French biology in the decade before Darwin. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Aristotle. 1984. The complete works of Aristotle: the revised Oxford translation. J. Barnes (ed.) Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Aterman, K. 1999. From Horus the child to Hephaestus who limps: a romp through history. American Journal of Medical Genetics 83: 53-63 Bachiller, D. et al. 2000. The organiser factors chordin and noggin are required for mouse forebrain development. Nature 403: 658-661 Bacon, F. 1620 (2000). The new organon. L. Jardine and M. Silverthorne (eds) Cambridge Unversity Press, Cambridge, UK Baker, J.R. 1974. Race. Oxford University Press, N.Y. Balemans, W. et al. 2001. Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST). Human Molecular Genetics 10: 537-543 Baljet, B. 1990. The cyclopic monsters of the Vrolik collection. Actes du colloque de conservateurs des musees d'histoire des sciences medicales 66-78. Baljet, B. and M.L. Ojesjo. 1994. Teratology in art or the Dysmorphology Hieronymus Bosch Connection. Actes du 7å colloque des conservateurs des musees d'histore des sciences medicales. Baljet, B. and R.-J. Oostra. 1998. Historical aspects of the study of malformations in the Netherlands. American Journal of Medical Genetics 77: 91-99 Baljet, B. et al. 1991. Willem Vrolikoncyclopia. Documenta Opthalmologica 77: 355-368 Bamshad, M. et al. 1999. Reconstructing the history of human limb development: lessons from birth defects. Pediatric Research 45: 291-299 Barbin, H. 1980. Herculine Barbin: being the recently discovered memoirs of a nineteenth century French hermaphrodite (intro. M. Foucault, trans. R. McDougall). Pantheon, N.Y. Barbujani, G. et al. 1997. An apportionment of human DNA diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 4516-4519 Barinaga, M. 1993. New protein appears to be long-sought neural inducer. Science 262: 653-254 Barrett, D. and M. McCann. 1980. Two-toed man. Sunday Times Magazine 28-31 Barsh, G. 1999. Of ancient tales and hairless tails. Nature Genetics 22: 315-316 Bartke, A. et al. 2001a. Longevity – extending the lifespan of long-lived mice. Nature 414: 412 Bartke, A. et al. 2001b. Prolonged longevity of hypopituitary dwarf mice. Experimental Gerontology 36: 21-28 Bates, A.W. 2001. The De monstrorum of Fortunio Liceti: a landmark of descriptive teratology. Journal of Medical Biography 9: 49-54 Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the study of variation. Macmillan, London Bazopoulou-Kyrkanidou, E. 1997. What makes Hephaestus lame? American Journal of Medical Genetics 72: 144-155 Beckman, K.B. and B.N. Ames. 1998. The free radical theory of ageing matures. Physiological Reviews 78: 547-581 Beddington, R.S.P. 1994. Induction of a second neural axis by the mouse node. Development 120: 613-620 Beddington, R.S.P. and E.J. Robertson. 1999. Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals. Cell 96: 195-209 Bell, A.G. 1918. The duration of life and conditions associated with longevity. Genealogical Record Office, Washington, DC Bendyshe, T. 1864. On the anthropology of Linnaeus. Memoires of the Anthropological Society of London I: 421-458 Besser, G.M. and M.O. Thorner. 1994. Clinical endocrinology (2nd ed.) Ch. 11. Mosby-Wolfe, London Betts, D.H. et al. 2001. Reprogramming of telomerase activity and rebuilding of telomere length in cloned cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98: 1077-1082 Bindman, D. 2002. Ape to Apollo: aesthetics and the idea of race in the eighteenth century. Reaktion, London Birkett, J. 1858. Congential, supernumerary and imperfectly developed auricles on the sides of the neck. Transactions of the Pathological Society of London 9: 448-449 Bittles, A.H. 2001. Consaguinity and its relevance to clinical genetics Clinical Genetics 60: 89-90 Blair, H.C. 1998. How the osteoclast degrades bone. Bioessays 20: 837-846 Blanchard, R. 1907. Nouvelles observations sur les negres pies. Geoffroy Satin-Hilaire a Lisbonne. Bulletin de la Societe Franñaise d'histoire de la medecine 6: 111-135 Blasco, M.A. et al. 1997. Telomere shortening and tumor formation by mouse cells lacking telomerase RNA. Cell 91: 25-34 Boaistuau, P. 1560 (2000) Histoires prodigieuses, Facsimile of Wellcome MS 136. (S. Bamforth ed.) Franco Maria Ricci, Milan Boardman, J. 1997a. Pan in text pp. 923-941; plate pp. 612-636 in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae: VIII: 1 (text); 2 (Plates) Boardman, J. 1997b. The great god Pan. Thames and Hudson, London Boas, F. 1912. Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants. American Anthropologist 14: 530-562 Bodnar, A.G. et al. 1998. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cell. Science 279: 349-351 Bogin, B. 1999. Patterns of human growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. UK Bonaventure, J. et al. 1996. Common mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene account for achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism. American journal of Medical Genetics 63: 148-154 Bondeson, J. 1997. A cabinet of medical curiosities. Tauris, London Bondeson, J. 2000. The two-headed boy and other medical marvels. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. N.Y. Bondeson, J. and A.E.W. Miles. 1996. The hairy family of Burma: a four generation pedigree of congenital hypertrichosis lanuginosa. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89: 403-408 Bornstein, P.E. and R.R. Peterson. 1966. Numerical variation in the presacral vertebral column in three population groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 25: 139-146 Boruwlaski, J. 1792. The Memoirs of the celebrated dwarf Joseph Boruwlaski, A Polish gentleman containing a faithful and curious account of his birth, education, marriage, travels and voyages, (trans. S. Freeman) 2nd ed. J. Thompson. Birmingham Boulet and Capecchi. 1996. Targeted disruption of Hoxc-4 causes esophageal defects and vertebral transformation. Developmental Biology 177: 232-249 Boyd, W.C. 1955. Genetics and the races of man. Little, Brown and Co., Boston Brandtt A. 1897. Ueberdiesogenannten Hundemenschen, beziehungsweise uber Hypertrichosis universalis. Biologische Zentralblatt 17: 161-179 Broberg, G. 1983. Homo sapiens. Linnaeus' classification of man. in T. Frangsmyr, (ed.) Linnaeus: the man and his work. University of California Press, Berkley Brockes, J.P. 1998. Regeneration and cancer. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1377 M1-M11 Brown-Borg, H.M. et al. 1996. Dwarf mice and ageing process. Nature 384: 33 Browne, T. 1904. The works of Thomas Browne. C. Sayle (ed.) Grant Richards, London Brueckner, M. 2001. Cilia propel the embryo in the right direction. American Journal of Medical Genetics 101: 339-344 Brunet, L.J. et al. 1998. Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton. Science 280: 1455-1457 Brunkow, M.E. et al. 2001. Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 577-589 Bruyn, G.W. and L.N. Went. 1986. Huntington's Chorea, in Vinken, G. W. et al. (eds.) Extrapyramidal disorders: handbook of clinical neurology 49: 267-273 Buffon, G.L. 1777. Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere. Imprimerie Royale, Paris Burn, J. and T. Strachan. 1995. Human embryo use in developmental research. Nature Genetics 11: 3-6 Callahan, C.A. and A.E. Oro. 2001. Monstrous attempts at adnexogenesis: regulating hair follicle progenitors through sonic hedgehog signalling. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 11: 541-546 Cargill, M. et al. 1999. Characterisation of single-nucleotidepolymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nature Genetics 22: 231-238 Carpenter, E.M. et al. 1993. Loss of Hox-Al (Hox-1.6) function results in the reorganisation of the murine hindbrain. Development 118: 1063-1075 Casey, B. and B.P. Hackett. 2000. Left-right axis malformations in man and mouse. Current Opinon in Genetics and Development 10: 257-261 Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. 1986. The African pygmies. Academic Press, N.Y. Cavelaars, A.E.J.M. et al. 2000. Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries Annals of Human Biology 27: 407-421 Celli, J. et at. 1999. Heterozygous germline mutations in the P53 homolog p63 are the cause of EEC syndrome. Cell 99: 143-151 Chapman, T. and L. Partridge. 1996. Female fitness in Drosophila melanogaster: an interaction between the effect of nutrition and of encounter rates with males. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Series ÂBiological Sciences 263: 755-759 Charlesworth, B. 1996. Evolution of senescence: Alzheimer's disease and evolution. Current Biology 6: 20-22 Chen, L. et al. 2001. A Ser{j65)->Cys mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in mouse downregulates ihh / PTHrP signals and causes severe achondroplasia. Human Molecular Genetics 10: 457-465. Chen, Y. et al. 2000. Conservation of early odontogenetic signaling pathways in Aves. Proceedings of the National Academy, USA 97: 10044-10049 Chiang, C. et at. 1996. Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking sonic hedgehog gene function. Nature 383: 407-412 Chiang, C. et al. 2001. Manifestation of the limb prepattern: limb development in the absence of sonic hedgehog function. Developmental Biology 236: 421-435 Chisaka, O. and M.R. Capecchi. 1991. Regionally restricted developmental defects resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene hox-1.5 (HoxA3). Nature 350: 473-479 Cibelli, J.B. et at. 2002. The health profile of cloned animals. Nature Biotechnology 20: 13-14 Clark, R.M. et al. 2001. Reciprocal mouse and human limb phenotypes caused by gain and loss-of-function mutations affecting Lmbn. Genetics 159: 715-726 Coates, M.I. and J.A. Clack. 1990. Polydactyly in the earliest tetrapod limbs. Nature 347: 66-69. Cockayne, E.A. 1933. Inherited abnormalities of the skin and its appendages. Oxford University Press, London Cohen, M.M. 2002. Bone morphogenetic proteins with some comments on fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. American Journal of Medical Genetics 109: 87-92 Cohen, M.M. 1988. Further diagnostic thoughts about the Elephant Man. American Journal of Medical Genetics 29: 777-782 Cohen, M.M. 1989. A comprehensive and critical assessment of overgrowth and overgrowth syndromes. Advances in Human Genetics 18: 181-303 Cohen, M.M. 1993. Proteus syndrome: clinical evidence for somatic mosaicism and selective review. American Journal of Medical Genetics 47: 645-652 Cohen, M.M. 2001. Problems in the definition of holoprosencephaly. American Journal of Medical Genetics 103: 183-187 Cohen, M.M. and K. Shiota. 2002. Teratogenesis of holoprosencephaly. American Journal of Medical Genetics 109: 1-15 Cohn, M.J. and C. Tickle. 1999. Developmental basis for limblessness and axial patterning in snakes. Nature 399: 474-479 Cohn, M.J. and P.E. Bright. 2000. Development of vertebrate limbs: insight into pattern, evolution and dysmorphogenesis. in O'Higgins, P. and M.J. Cohn (eds) Development, growth and evolution: implications for the hominidskeleton. Academic Press, N.Y. Collins-Schramm, H.E. 2002. Ethnic-difference markers for use in mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium. American Journal of Human Genetics 70: 737-750 Colvin, J.S. et al. 1996. Skeletal overgrowth and deafness in mice lacking fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nature Genetics 12: 391-397 Comfort, A. 1964. Ageing: the biology of senesence. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. N.Y. Conner, M. and M. Ferguson-Smith. 1993. Essentials of medical genetics. (5th ed.) Blackwell Science, Oxford Conte, E A. et a I. 1994. A syndrome of female pseudohermaphroditism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and multicystic ovaries associated with missense mutations in the gene encoding aromatase (P450 arom). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78: 1287-1292 Corcoran, J. 1998. What are the molecular mechanisms of neural tube defects? Bioessays 20: 6-8 Corder, E.H. et al. 1993. Gene dose ofapololipoprotein E Type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261: 921-923 Cornaro, L. 1550 (1903). The art of living long: a new and improved English version of the treatise by the celebrated Venetian centenarian, Louis Cornaro with Essays by Joseph Addison, Lord Bacon and Sir William Temple. W.E Butler, Milwaukee Cotsarelis, G. and S.E. Millar. 2001. Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment. Trends in Molecular Medicine 7: 293-301 Crackower, M.A. et al. 1998. Defect in the maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge in the Dactylaplasia mouse. Developmental Biology 201: 78-89 Crawfurd, J. 1827. Journal of an embassy from the Governor-General of india to the court of Ava in the year 1827. V.1. H. Colburn. London Crosby, J.L. et al. 1992. Disorganisation is a completely dominant gainoffunction mouse mutation causing sporadic developmental defects. Mechanisms of Development 37: 121-126 Crow, J.E. 2000. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nature Reviews Genetics I: 40-47 Danerow, H. 1830. Ueber Ritta-Christina und die Siamesen. Litterarishcen Annaleen dergesammten Heilkunde 16: 454-482 Darwin, C. 1859 (1968). The origin of species by means of natural selection. Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK Darwin, C. 1871 (1981). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Darwin, C. 1882. The variation of animals and plants under domestication, 2nd ed. John Murray, London Dasen, V. 1993. Dwarfs in ancient Egypt and Greece. Clarendon Press, London Dasen, V. 1994. Pygmaioi. text p.594-601; plates p.466-486. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae VIII: 1 (text); 2 (plates) Dasen, V. 1997. Multiple births in Graeco-Roman antiquity. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 49-61 Dasen, V. 2002. Les jumeaux siamois dans l'Antiquite classique: du my the au phenomene de foire. La Revue du Practicien 52: 9-12 Daston, L. and K. Park. 1998. Wonders and the order of nature 1150-1750. Zone, N.Y. De Luca, F. and J. Baron. 1999. Control of bone growth by fibroblast growth factors. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 10: 61-65 De Quatrefages, A. 1895. The pygmies (trans. F. Starr). Macmillan, London De Vijlder, J. et al. 1999. Defects in thyroid hormone supply. Ch. 16b. The Thyroid and its Diseases: Del Campo, M. et al. 1999. Mondactylous limbs and abnormal genitalia are associated with hemizygosity for the human 2q31 region that includes the HOXD cluster. American Journal of Human Genetics 65: 104-110 Delange, F. and B. Hetzel. 2000. The iodine Deficiency Disorders. Ch. 20. The Thyroid and Its Diseases: DeRobertis, E. and Y. Sasai. 1996. A common plan for dorsoventral patterning in Bilateria. Nature 380: 37-40 Diamond, J.M. 1982. Big-bang reproduction and ageing in male marsupial mice. Nature 298: 115-116 Diamond, J.M. 1991. Why are pygmies so small? Nature 354: 111-112 Didde, R. 2002. Wetenschap. Volkskrant 25 May 2002 Dikotter, F. 1992. The discourse of race in modern China. Hurst, London Dikotter, F. 1997. Hairy barbarians, furry primates, and wild men: medical science and cultural representations of hair in China, in Hiltebeitel, A. and B. D. Miller (eds) Hair: its power and meaning in Asian cultures. SUNY Press, Albany, N.Y. Dikotter, F. 1998. Imperfect conceptions: medical knowledge, birth defects, and eugenics in China. Hurst, London Dobson, J. 1958. Marie Sabina, the variegated damsel. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons 22: 273-278 Dolle, P. et al. 1993. Disruption of the Hoxd-13 gene induces localised heterochrony leading to mice with neotenic limbs. Cell 75: 431-441 Donnai D. and R.M. Winter. 1989. Disorganisation: a model for 'early amnion rupture'? Journal of Medical Genetics 26: 421-425. Dreger, A.D. 1998. Hermaphrodites and the medical invention of sex. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass. Dudley, A.T. et al. 2002. A re-examination of proximodistal patterning during vertebrate development. Nature 418: 539-544 Durham-Pierre, D. et al. 1994. African origin of an intragenic deletion of the human P gene in tyrosine positive oculocutaneous albinism. Nature Genetics 7: 176-179 Egenvall, A. et al. 2000. Age pattern of mortality in eight breeds of insured dogs in Sweden. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 46: 1-14 Eigenmann, J.E. 1987. Insulin-like growth factor 1 in dogs. Frontiers of Hormone Research 1 7: 161-172 Eigenmann, J.E. et al. 1988. Insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in proportionate dogs, chondrodystrophic dogs and in giant dogs. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 118: 105-108 Eigenmann J.E. et al. 1984. Body size parallels insulin-like growth factor 1 levels but not growth hormone secretory capacity. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 106: 448-453 Emery, A.E.H. 1996. Genetic disorders in portraits. American Journal of Medical Genetics 66: 334-339 Epstein, C.J. et al. 1987. Transgenic mice with increased Cu7/jZn-superoxide dismutase activity: animal model of dosage effects in Down syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84: 8044-6048 Eyre-Walker, A. and P.D. Keightley. 1999. High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids. Nature 397: 334-347 Farrell, H.B. 1984. The two-toed Wadoma – familial ectrodactyly in Zimbabwe. South African journal of Medicine 65: 531-533 Fasseler, P.E. and K. Sander. 1996. Hilde Mangold (1898-1924) and Spemann's organiser: Achievement and Tragedy. Wilhelm Roux Archives of Developmental Biology 205: 323-332 Felgenhauer, W.-R. 1969. Hypertrichosis lagnuinosa universalis. Journal de Genetique humaine 17: 1-44 Ferretti, P. and C. Tickle. 1997. The limbs, in P. Thorogood (ed.) Embryos, genes and birth defects. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Figuera, L.E. 1995. Mapping of the congenital generalised hypertrichosis locus to chromosome Xq24-q27.1. Nature Genetics 10: 202-206 Finch, C.E. 1990. Longevity; senescence and the genome. Chicago University Press Finch, C.E. and G. Ruvkun. 2001. The genetics of ageing. Annual Reviews of Genomics and Human Genetics 2: 435-462 Fischer; J.L. 1972. Le concept experimental dans I'oeuvre teratologique d'Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Revue d'histoire des sciences 25: 347-362 Fischer, J.L. 1991. Monstres: histoire du corps etde ses defauts. Syros, Paris Flanagan, N. et al. 2000. Pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on human pigmentation. Human Molecular Genetics. 9: 2531-2537 Flatt, A.E. 1994. The care of congenital hand anomalies. Quality Medical Publishing. St Louis. Mo. Fleischer, R. 1984. Artemis Ephesia. text PP 755-63; plates PP.564-73 in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae II: I (text); 2 (plates) Flurkey, K. et al. 2001. Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 6736-6741 Forbes, L.S. 1997. The evolutionary biology of spontaneous abortion in humans. Trends in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 12: 446-450 Frank, L.G. 1997. Evolution of genital masculinisation: why do female hyenas have such a large 'penis'? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 58-62 Frankcom, G. and J.H. Musgrave. 1976. The Irish giant. Duckworth, UK Fraser, G. 1877. Wigtown and Whithorn: historical and descriptive sketches, stories and anecdotes, illustrative of the racy wit and pawky humour of the district. Gordon Fraser, Wigtown Fraumeni, J.F. 1967. Stature and malignant tumors of bones in childhood and adolescence. Cancer 20: 967-973 Freire-Maia, A. 1975. Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). VI. Formal genetic analysis. American Journal of Human Genetics 27: 521-527 Freire-Maia, A. 1981. Historical note: The extraordinary handless and footless families of Brazil – 50 years of acheiropodia. American Journal of Human Genetics 9: 31-41 Frey, J. 1994. Toulouse-Lautrec: a lift. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London Frey, J. 1995a. What dwarfed Toulouse-Lautrec? Nature Genetics 10: 128-130 Frey, J. 1995b. Toulouse-Lautrec's diagnosis – reply. Nature Genetics 11: 363 Friedman, J.B. 1981. The monstrous races in medieval thought and art. Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. Fromental-Ramain, C. et al. 1996. Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the autopod. Development 122: 2997-3011 Fullerton, S.M. et al. 2000. Apolipoprotein E variation at the sequence haplotype level: implications for the origin and maintenance of a major human polymorphism. American Journal of Human Genetics 67: 881-900 Galis, F. 1999. Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes, and Cancer. Journal of Experimental Zoology 285: 19-26 Galis, F. 2001. Why five fingers? Evolutionary constraints on digit number. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16: 637-646 Garcia-Cruz D. et al. 2002. Inherited hypertrichoses. Clinical Genetics 61: 321-329 Gat, U. et al. 1998. De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated Beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95: 605-614 Gates, R.R. 1961. The Melanesian dwarf tribe of Aiome, New Guinea. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellogiae. 10: 277-311 Geffner, M.E. et al. 1995. Insulin-like growth factor I resistance in immortalised T cell lines from African Efe pygmies. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80: 3732-3738 Geffner, M.E. et al. 1996. IGF-ldoes not mediate T lymphoblast colony formation in response to estradiol, testosterone, 1,25(OH)2, Vitamin D3 and triiodothyronine; studies in control and pygmy lines Biochemical and Molecular Medicine 59: 72-79 Gegenbauer, C. 1880. Critical remarks on polydactlyly as atavism. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 6: 584-596 Gehring, W. and K. Ikeo. 1999. Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution. Trends in Genetics 15: 371-377 Geissler, W. et a I. 1994. Male pseudohermaphroditism caused by mutations of testicular 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3. Nature Genetics 7: 35-39 Gelb, D. et al.1996. Pycnodysostosis, a lysosomal disease caused by Cathepsin K deficiency. Science 273: 1236-1239 Gelfland, M., C.J. Roberts, and R.S. Roberts. 1974. A two-toed man from the Doma people of the Zambezi Valley. Rhodesian History 5: 92-95 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1822. Philosophie anatomique des monstruosites humaines. Deville-Cavellin, Paris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1829. Rapport sur le monstre bicephale Ritta-Christina. Gazette de Sante (No. 270) Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. 1838. Notions synthetiques, historiques et physiologiques de Philosophie Naturelle. Denain, Paris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1832-37. Histoire generale et particuliere des anomalies de l'organisation chez l'homme et les animaux. J.B. Balliere, Paris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1847. Vie, travaux et doctrine scientifique d'Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. La Societe Geologique de France, Paris Gerhart, J. 2000. Inversion of the chordate body axis: Are their alternatives? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97: 4445-4448 Gertz, O. 1948. Artemis och hinden frontispisplanschen Linnes Fauna Svecica. Svenska Linne-Sallskapets Arsskrift 31: 13-37 Gilbert, S.F. 2000. Developmental biology (6th edition). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Glass, B. 1947. Maupertuis and the beginning of genetics. Quarterly Review of Biology 22: 196-210 Glickman, S.E. et al. 1992. Hormonal correlates of 'masculinisation' in female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). 1. Infancy to sexual maturity. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 95: 451-462 Goding, C.R. 2000. Mitf from neural crest to melanoma: signal transduction and transcription in the melanocyte lineage. Genes and Development 14: 1712-1728 Gong, Y. et al. 1999. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding noggin affect human morphogenesis. Nature Genetics 21: 302-304 Goto, N. et al. 1987. The mexican hairless dog, its morphology and inheritance. Experimental Animals (Tokyo) 36: 87-90 Goujon, E. 1869. Etude d'un cas d'hermaphrodisme bisexuel imparfait chez l'homme. Journal de Tanatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de Thomme et des animaux 6: 599-616 Gould, G.M. and W. L. Pyle. 1897. Anomalies and curiosities of medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia Gould, S.J. 1981. The mismeasure of man. W.W. Norton, N.Y. Gould, S.J. 1983. Hen's teeth and horse's toes. W.W. Norton, N.Y. Graves, J.A. 1998. Interactions between SRY and SOX genes in mammalian sex determination. Bioessays 20: 264-269 Gravlee, C.G. et al. 2003. Heredity, environment and cranial form: a reanalysis of Boas's Immigrant data. American Anthropologist 105: 125-138 Gruber, G.B. 1955. Historisches und aktuelles iiberdas Sirenen-problem in der medizin. Nova Acta Leopoldina 17: 89-122 Gruman, G.J. 1966. A history of ideas about the prolongation of life. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 56: 1-102 Gubbay, J. et al. 1990. A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes. Nature 346: 245-250 Guichard, C. et al. 2001. Axonemal dyneinintermediate-chain gene (DNAI1) mutations result in situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskenesia (Kartagener syndrome). American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 1030-1035 Gunther, T. and T. Schinke. 2000. Mouse genetics have uncovered new paradigms in bone biology. Trends in Metabolism. II: 189-193 Guyda, H.J. 1998. Growth hormone therapy for non-growth hormone-deficient children with short stature. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 10: 416-421 Haldane, J.B.S. 1941. New paths in genetics. George Allen & Unwin, London Hale, F. 1933. Pigs born without eyeballs. Journal of Heredity 24: 105-106 Haliburton, R.G. 1891. The dwarfs of Mount Atlas. David Nutt, London Haliburton, R.G. 1894. Survivals of dwarf races in the new world. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 14: 1-14 Hall, B.K. 1995. Atavisms and atavistic mutations. Nature Genetics 10: 126-127 Hamburger, V. 1947. Monsters in nature. Ciba Symposia 9: 666-683 Hamburger, V. 1988. The heritage of experimental embryology: Hans Spemann and the organiser. Oxford University Press Hamilton, J.Â. 1942. Male hormone stimulation is a prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness. American Journal of Anatomy 71: 451-480 Hanihara, T. 2000. Frontal and facial flatness of major human populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111: 105-134 Haraguchi, R. et al. 2000. Molecular analysis of external genitalia formation: the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes during genital tubercle formation. Development 127: 2471-2479 Harding, R.M. et al. 2000. Evidence for variable selective pressure at MC1R American Journal of Human Genetics 66: 1351-1361 Hardy, M.H. 1992. The secret life of the hair follicle. Trends in Genetics 8: 55-61 Harrison, R.G. 1924. Some unexpected results of the heteroplastic transplantation of limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 10: 69-74 Harvey, R.G. and D.R Brothwell. 1969. Biosocial aspects of Ainu hirsuteness. Journal of Biological Sciences 1: 109-124 Harvey, W. 1965. The works of William Hartley. Willis, R (ed., trans.) Sydenham Society, London Haupt, H. et al. 1990. Le bestiaire de Rodolphe II. (trans. L. Marcou) Citadelles, Paris Hayashizaki, Y. et al. 1989. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency caused by a single base substitution in the CAGYC region of the ?-subunit. EMBO Journal 8: 2291-2296 Headon, D.J. and P.A. Overbeek. 1999. Involvement of a novel Tnf receptor homologue in hair follicle induction. Nature Genetics 22: 370-374 Healy, E. et al. 2001. Functional variation of MC1R alleles from red-haired individuals. Human Molecular Genetics. 10: 2397-2402 Heijmans, B.T. et al. 2000. Common gene variants, mortality and extreme longevity in humans. Experimental Gerontology 35: 865-877 Hennessy, R.J. and C.B. Stringer. 2002. Geometric morphometric study of the regional variation of modern human craniofacial form. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117: 37-48 Herdt, G. 1994. Mistaken sex: culture, biology and the third sex in New Guinea, in G. Herdt (ed.) Third sex, third gender. Zone Books. Cambridge, Mass. Heron, T.M. 1986. Boruwlaski, the little count. Durham, UK Hertel, C. 2001. Hairy issues: Portraits of Petrus Gonsalus and his family in Archduke Ferdinand II's Kunstkammer and their contexts. Journal of the History of Collections 13: 1-22 Hinchliffe, J.R. and D.R.Johnson. 1980. The development of the vertebrate limb. Claredon Press, Oxford Holekamp, K.E. et al. 1996. Rank and reproduction in female spotted hyenas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 108: 229-237 Holliday, R. 1989. Food, reproduction and longevity: is the extended lifespan of calorie-restricted animals an evolutionary adaptation? Bioessays 10: 125-127 Holly, J.M.P. et al. 1999. Growth hormone, IGF-1 and cancer. Less intervention to avoid cancer? More intervention to prevent cancer? Journal of Endocrinology 162: 321-330 Horan,. G.S. et al. 1994. Homeotic transformation of cervical vertebrae in Hoxa-4 mutant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 91: 12644-12648 Horan, G.S. et al. 1995a. Compound mutants for the paralogous Hoxa-4, Hoxb-4, and Hoxc-4 genes show more complete homeotic transformations and a dose dependent increase in the number of vertebrae transformed. Genes and Development 9: 1667-1677 Horan, G.S. et al. 1995b. Mutations in paralogous Hox genes result in overlapping homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton-evidence for unique and redundant function. Developmental Biology 169: 359-372 Houssay, E. 1937. De la nature, des causes, des differences des monstres. Editions Hippocrates, Paris Hu, D. and J.A. Helms. 1999. The role of sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 126: 4873-4884 Huelsken J. et al. 2001. Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105: 533-545 Hummel, K.P. 1958. The inheritance and expression of Disorganization, an unusual mutation in the mouse. Journal of Experimental Zoology 137: 389-423 Hummel, K.P. 1959. Developmental anomalies in mice resulting from action of the gene Disorganization, a semi-dominant lethal. Pediatrics 23: 212-221 Ianakiev, P. et al. 2000. Acheiropodia is caused by a g~nomic deletion in C70rf2 the human orthologue of the Lmbr1 gene. American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 38-45 Imperato-McGinley, J. et al. 1974. Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 186: 1213-1215 Imperato-McGinley, J. et al. 1991. A cluster ofmale pseudohermaphrodites with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea. Clinical Endocrinology 34: 293-298 Incardona, J.P. 1998. The teratogenic Veratrum alkaloid cyclopamine inhibits sonic hedgehog signal transduction. Development 125: 3553-3562 International Sequencing Consortium. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860-921 Irving, J. 1862. The drowned women of Wigton, a romance of the Covenant. Porteous and Hislop, Glasgow Isaac, A. et al. 2000. FGF and genes encoding transcription factors in early limb specification. Mechanisms of Development 93: 41-48 Iwai, T. 1907. A statistical study on the polymastia of the Japanese. Lancet 2: 753-4 Jackson, I.J. 1997. Homologous pigmentation mutations in human, mouse and other model organisms. Human Molecular Genetics 6: 1613-1624 Jackson, W.P.U. 1951. Osteo-dental dysplasia (Cleidocranial dysostosis) 'The Arnold Head'. Acta Medica Scandinavica 139: 293-295 Janin, J. 1829. (1998) Une femme a deux tetes. S. Pestel (ed.) La collection electronique de la Biblioteque Municipale de Lisieux: http://ourworld.Compuserve.com/homepages/bibhhlisieux/ Jarvik, G.P. et al. 1994. Non-mendelian transmission in a human developmental disorder: Split Hand / Split Foot. American Journal of Human Genetics 55: 710-713 Jeannotte, L. et al. (1993) Specification of axial identity in the mouse: role of the Hoxa5 (Hox1.3) gene. Genes and Development 7: 2085-2096 Jenkins, P. 1998. Cancer in acromegaly. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 9: 360-366 Johanson, D. and B. Edgar. 1996. From Lucy to language. Orion, London Joseph, R. and P. Godson. 1988. Peace at last for tragic Rita: white outcase in black skin. Sunday Times Johannesburg). 28 August, p. 12 Jost, A. 1946-47. Recherches sur la differenciation sexuellede l'åòbryîï de lapin (Troisieme Partie). Archives d'anatomie microscopique et de morphologie experimental 36: 271-315 Jung, H.-S. et al. 1998. Local inhibitory action of BMPs and their relationships with activators in feather formation: implications for periodic patterning. Developmental Biology 196: 11-23 Kappler, Ñ. 1980. Monstres, demons et merveilles a la fin du Moyen age. Payot, Paris Kaufman, M.H. and K.S. O'Shea. 1978. induction of monozygotic twinning in the mouse. Nature 276: 707-708 Keith, A. 1911. An inquiry into the nature of the skeletal changes in acromegaly Lancet 1: 993-1002 Kenyon, C. et al. 1993. ÀÑ. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366: 461-464 Kere, J. et al. 1996. X-linked anhidrotic (hypohidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia is caused by a mutation in a novel transmembrane protein. Nature Genetics 13: 409-416 Kingdon-Ward, F. 1924. From China to Hkamti Long. Edward Arnold, London Kingdon-Ward, F. 1937. Plant hunter's paradise. Jonathan Cape, London Kirk, G.S. 1974. The nature of the Greek myths. Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK Knussmann, R. et al. 1992. Relations between sex hormone level and characteristics of hair and skin in healthy young men. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 59-67 Kobelt, G.L. 1844. The female sex organs in humans and some mammals (trans. H.E Bernays) in Lowry, T.P. (1978) The classic clitoris, historical contributions to scientific sexuality. Nelson-Hall, Chicago Kohn, M. 1995. The race gallery: the return of racial science. Jonathan Cape, London Kollar, E.J. and C. Fisher. 1980. Tooth induction in chick epithelium: expression of quiescent genes for enamel synthesis. Science 207: 993-995 Komori et al. 1997. Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell 89: 755-764 Kondo, S. et al. 2001. The medaka rS-3 locus required for scale development encodes ectodysplasin-A receptor. Current Biology 7: 1201-1206 Kondo, T. et al. 1997. Of fingers, toes, and penises. Nature 390: 29 Koren, Y. and E. Negev. 2003. im Herzen waren wir Riesen. Econ, Munich Kornak, U. et al. 2000. Mutations in the à3 subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase cause infantile malignant osteopetrosis. Human Molecular Genetics 9: 2059-2063 Kostic, D. and M.R. Capecchi. 1994. Targeted disruptions of the murine HoxA-4 and HoxA-6 genes result in homeotic transformations of components of the vertebral column. Mechanisms of Development 46: 231-247 Kremer, H. et al. 1995. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to a homozygous missense mutation of the luteinising hormone receptor gene. Nature Genetics 9: 160-164 Krude, H. et al. 1998. Severe early onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by ÐÎÌÑ mutations in humans. Nature Genetics 19: 155-157 Kruglyak, L. and D.A. Nickerson. 2001. Variation is the spice of life. Nature Genetics 27: 234-236 Krzisnik, C. et al. 1999. The 'Little People' of the Island of Krk – Revisited. Etiology of hypopituitarism revealed. Journal of Endocrine Genetics 1: 9-19 Kuester and Happle. 1984. The inheritance of common baldness. Two  or not two B? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 11: 921-926 Laara, E. and P. Rantakallio. 1996. Body size and mortality in women: a 29-year follow up of 12,000 pregnant women in northern Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 50: 408-414 Lahr, M.M. 1996. The evolution of modern human diversity: a study in cranial variation. Cambridge University Press Lamb, T.M. et al. 1993. Neural induction by the secreted polypeptide noggin. Science 262: 713-718 Lammer, E.J. et al. 1985. Retinoicacid embryopathy. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 837-841 Landucci, L. 1542, 1927. A Florentine diary from 1450 to 1516 by Luca Landucci, continued by an anonymous writer till 1542 with notes by lodoco del Badia (trans. A. de Rosen Jervis). J.M. Dent & Sons, London Lanza, R.P. et al. 2000. Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science 288: 665-668 Laqueur, T.W. 1989. 'Amor Veneris, vel Dulcedo Appeleteur' pp.90-131 in M. Feher (ed.) Zone 5. Fragments for a history of the human body, part 3. Zone, N.Y. Laqueur, T.W. 1990. Making sex, body and gender from the Greeks to Freud. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Mass. Laue, L.L. et al. 1996. Compound heterozygous mutations of the luteinising hormone receptor gene in Leydig cell hypoplasia. Molecular Endocrinology 10: 987-997 Lawrence, P. 1992. The making of a fly. Blackwell. London Laycock, J. and P. Wise. 1996. Essential Endocrinology. (3rd ed.) Oxford University Press Lazner, E. et al. 1999. Osteopetrosis and osteoporosis: two sides of the same coin. Human Molecular Genetics 8: 1839-1846 Le Guyader, H. 1998. Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844): un naturalist visionnaire. Belin, Paris Le Mouellic, H. et al. 1992. Homeosis in the mouse induced by a null mutation in the HOX-3.1 gene. Cell 69: 251-264 Le Roith, D. et al. 2001. What is the role of circulating IGF? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 12: 48-52 Lee, C.-K. et al. 1999. Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction. Science 285: 1390-1393 Lee, H.W. et al. 1998. Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs. Nature 392: 569-574 Lee, P.A. and S.R Witchel. 1997. The influence of estrogen on growth. Current opinion in pediatrics 9: 431-436 Lenz, W. 1962. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1: 45 Leroi, A.M. 2001. Molecular signals versus the loi de balancement. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 16: 24-29 Leroi, A.M. et al. 2003. Cancer selection. Nature Cancer Reviews 3: 226-231 Lettice, L.A. et al. 2002. Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial Polydactyly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; USA 99: 7548-7553 Levin, M. et al. 1995. A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis. Cell 82: 803-814 Levin, M. et al. 1996. Laterality defects in conjoined twins. Nature 384: 321 Lewandoski, M. et al. 2000. Fgf8 signalling from the AER is essential for normal limb development. Nature Genetics 26: 460-463 Lewis, E. 1978. A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature 27: 565-570 Lewis, T. and D. Embleton. 1908. Split-hand and split-foot deformities, their types, origin, and transmission. Biometrika 6: 26-58 Li, J. et al. 1997. Dinucleotide repeat in the 3' flanking region provides a clue to the molecular evolution of the Duffy gene. Human Genetics 99: 573-577 Liceti, F. 1634. De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis. Padua Licht, P. et al. 1992. Hormonal correlates of 'masculinisation' in female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). 2. Maternal and fetal steroids. Journal of reproduction and fertility 95: 463-474 Lickert, H. et al. 2002. Formation of multiple hearts in mice following deletion of beta-catenin in the embryonic endoderm. Developmental Cell 3: 171-181 Lifton, R.J. 1986. The Nazi doctors: medical killing and the psychology of genocide. Macmillan, London Lindroth, S. 1983. The two faces of Linnaeus. in T. Fdingsmyr (ed.) Linnaeus: the man and his work. University of California Press, Berkeley Linnaeus, C. 1758, 1939. Systema naturae. 10th edition. British Museum, London Linnaeus, C. 1761. Fauna svecica. Stockholm Lloyd, A.T. 1986. Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat, where have you been? Natural History 95(7): 46-52 Logrofio, R. et al. 1997. Heteropagus conjoined twins due to fusion of two embryos: report and review. American Journal of Medical Genetics 73: 239-243 Lopez-Bermejo, A. et al. (2000). Genetic defects of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 11: 39-49 Lufkin, T. et al. 1991. Disruption of the Hox-1.6 (Hoxal) homeobox gene results in defects in a region corresponding to its rostral domain of expression. Cell 66: 1105-1119 Lupu, F. et al. 2001. Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth. Developmental Biology 229: 141-162 McBride,W.B. 1961. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 11: 1358 McEwan, C. et al. 1997. (eds) Patagonia: natural history, prehistory and ethnography at the uttermost ends of the earth. British Museum, London Mackenbach, J.P. 1991. Narrowing inequalities in children's height. Lancet 338: 764 McLachlan, J. 1994. Medical embryology: Addison-Wesley, Wokingham McLaren, A. 1990. What makes a man a man? Nature 346: 216-217 McMahon J.A. et al. 1998. Noggin-mediated antatonism of BMP signalling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. Genes and Development 12: 1438-1452 McMullen, G. and K. Pearson. 1913. On the inheritance of the deformity known as split-foot or lobster-claw. Biometrika 9: 381-390 McPherron, A.C. and S.J. Lee. 1997. Doubling muscle in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 12457-12461 McPherron, A.C. et a 1.1997. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-Beta superfamily member. Nature 387: 83-90 Maden, M. 1999. Heads or tails? Retinoic acid will decide. Bioessays 21: 809-812 Maeder, T. 1998. A few hundred people turned to bone. The Atlantic, February, (two parts) Manoiloff, E.O. 1931. A rare case of hereditary hexadactylism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 15: 503-508 Manouvrier-Hanu S. et al. 1999. Genetics of limb anomalies in humans. Trends in Genetics 15: 409-417 Mansholt, U.J. 1987. The increase in the height of Dutchmen and the attraction of tennis. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 131: 376 Mark, M. et al. 1993. Two rhombomeres are altered in Hoxa-I mutant mice. Development 119: 319-338 Maroteaux,P. 1995. Toulouse-Lautrec's diagnosis. Nature Genetics II: 362 Maroteaux, P. and M. Lamy. 1965. The malady of Toulouse-Lautrec. JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association 191: 111-113 Marshall, H.K. and H.I. Harder. 1958. Testicular feminising syndrome in male pseudohermaphrodite: report of two cases in identical twins. Obstetrics and Gynecology 12: 284-293 Martin, E. 1880. Histoire des monstres. C. Reinwald, Paris Martin, G. and J. Oshima. 2000. Lessons from human progeroid syndromes. Nature 408: 263-266 Martinez-Frias, M.-L. 1993. Another way to interpret the description of the Monster of Ravenna of the sixteenth century. American Journal of Medical Genetics 49: 362 Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and J.L. Boldsen. 1985. Regional and social analysis of height variation in a contemporary British sample. Annals of Human Biology 12: 315-324 Mathon, N.F. et al. 2001. Lack of replicative sensecence in normal rodent glia. Science 291: 872-875 Mayor, A. 2000. The first fossil hunters. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Medawar, P.B. 1952. An unsolved problem in biology. H. K. Lewis. London Melanchthon, P. and M. Luther. 1523 (1823). Interpretation of two horrible monsters [Deuttung tier czwo grewlichi Figuren, etc.] Merimee, T.J. et al. 1981. Dwarfism in the pygmy. New England Journal of Medicine 305: 965-968 Merimee, T.J. et al. 1987. Insulin-like growth factors in pygmies: the role of puberty in determining final stature. New England Journal of Medicine 316: 906-911 Merke, F. 1993. History and iconography of endemic goitre and cretinism. MTP Press, Lancaster Merlo, G.R. et al. 2002. Mouse model of split hand / foot malformation type 1. Genesis 33: 97-101 Meyers, E.N. and G.R. Martin. 1999. Differences in left-right axis pathways in mouse and chick: functions of FGF8 and SHH. Science 285: 403-406 Miller, R. and S. Austad. 1999. Large animals in the fast lane. Science 285: 199 Mills, A.A. et al. 1999. p63 is a P53 homologue required for limb and epidermal morphogenesis. Nature 398: 708-713 Mittwoch, U. 1973. Genetics of sex differentiation. Academic Press, N.Y. Monreal, A.W. 1999. Mutations in the human homologue of mouse dl cause autosomal recessive and dominant hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Nature Genetics 22: 366-369 Montaigne, M. de. 1580 (1958). Essays (trans. J.M. Cohen). Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK Montaigne, M. de. 1603 (1998). Florio's translation of Montaigne's essays. B. R. Schneider (ed.), Renascence Editions, University of Oregon Moon, A.M. and M.R. Capecchi. 2000. Fgf8 is required for outgrowth and patterning of the limbs. Nature Genetics 26: 455-459 Morin, A. 1996. La teratologic de Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire a nos jours. Bulletin de l'Association des Anatomistes 80: 17-31 Morishima, A. et al. 1995. Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens. Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 80: 3689-3698 Mortlock, D.P. and J.W. Innis. 1997. Mutation of Hox a-13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome. Nature Genetics 15: 179-180 Mortlock, D.P. et al. 1996. The molecular basis of hypodactyly (Hd): a deletion in Hox a-13 leads to arrest of digital arch formation. Nature Genetics 13: 284-288 Moskovitz, E. 1987. By the grace of the devil. Rotem, Ramat-Gan, Israel Muenke M. and P.A. Beachy 2000. Genetics of ventral forebrain development and holoprosencephaly. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 10: 262-269 Mundlos, S. 1999. Cleidocranial dysplasia: clinical and molecular genetics. Journal of Medical Genetics 36: 177-182 Mundlos, S. et al.1997. Mutations involving the transcription factor CBFAi cause cleiodocranial dysplasia. Cell 89: 773-779 Muragaki, Y. et al. 1996. Altered growth and branching patters in synpolydactyly caused by mutations in Hoxd-13. Science 272: 548-551 Mya-Tu, M. et al. 1962. Tarong pygmies in North Burma. Nature 195: 131-132 Mya-Tu, M. et al. 1966. The Tarons in Burma. Burma Medical Research Institute, Rangoon. Special Report Series No.1 Nanni, L. et al. 1999. The mutational spectrum of the sonic hedgehog gene in holoprosencephaly: SHH mutations cause a significant proportion of autosomal dominant holoprosencephaly. Human Molecular Genetics 8: 2479-2488 Nanni, L. et al. 2001. SHH mutation is associated with solitary median maxillary central incisor: a study of 13 patients and review of the literature. Journal of Medical Genetics 102: 1-10, 2001 Naski, M.C. et al. 1996. Graded activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by mutations causing achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia. Nature Genetics 13: 233-237 Naski, M.C. et al. 1998. Repression of hedgehog signalling and BMP4 expression in growth plate cartilage by fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Development 125: 4977-4988 Naudin ten Cate L., C. Vermeij-Keers, D.A. Smit, T.W. Cohen-Overbeek, K.B. Gerssen-Schoorl, T. Dijkhuisen. 1995. intracranial teratoma with multiple fetuses. Pre- and post-natal appearance. Human Pathology 26: 804-807 Neaves, W.B. et al. 1980. Sexual dimorphism of the phallus in spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 59: 509-513 Needham, J. 1959. A history of embryology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Netter, A. et al. 1958. Le testicule feminisant. Annales d'endocrinologie 9: 994-1014 Neubert, R. et al. 1999. Developmental model for thalidomide action. Nature 400: 419-420 Newbery, H.J. and C.M. Abbott. 2002. Of mice, men and motor neurons. Trends in Molecular Medicine 8: 88-92 Niccoli, O. 1990. People and prophecy in Renaissance Italy, (trans. L. G. Cochrane.) Princeton University Press, Princeton Niswander, L. et al. 1993. FGF-4 replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb. Cell 75: 579-587 Nonaka, S. et al. 1998. Randomisation of left-right asymmetry due to loss of nodal cilia generating leftward flow of extraembryonic fluid in mice lacking KIF3B motor protein. Cell 95: 839-847 Noramly, S. and B.A. Morgan. 1998. BMPs mediate lateral inhibition at successive stages in feather tract development. Development 125: 3775-3787 O'Connell, H.E. et al. 1998. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. Journal of Urology 159: 1892-1897 Olbrich, H. et al. 2002. Mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and randomisation of left-right asymmetry. Nature Genetics 30: 143-144 Olsen, B.R. et al. 2000. Bone development. Annual Reviews of Cell and Developmental Biology 16: 191-220 On-line Mendelian Inheritance in Man. 2000. OMIM™. McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/ Oosterhout, van C. et al. 2003. Inbreeding depression and genetic load of sexually selected traits: how the guppy lost its spots. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 273-281 Oostra, R.-J. et al. 1998a. Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. I: Syndromes with multiple congenital anomalies. American Journal of Medical Genetics 77: 100-115 Oostra, R.-J. et al. 1998b. Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. II: Skeletal Dysplasias. American Journal of Medical Genetics 7 7: 116-134 Oostra, R.-J. et al. 1998c. Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Ill: Primary field defects, sequences and other complex anomalies. American Journal of Medical Genetics 80: 46-59 Oostra, R.-J. et al. i998d. Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. IV: Closure defects of the neural tube. American Journal of Medical Genetics 80: 60-73 Oostra, R.-J. et al. 19986. Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. V: Conjoined and acardiac twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics 80: 74-89 Oro, A.E. and M.P. Scott. 1998. Splitting hairs: dissecting roles of signaling systems in epidermal development. Cell 95: 575-578 Orr, H.T. 2000. A proposed mechanism of ALS fails the test in vivo. Nature Neuroscience 5: 287-288 Ortega-Ortiz, J.G. and B. Villa-Ramirez. 2000. Polydactyly and other features of the manus of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus. Marine Mammal Science 16: 277-286 Pare, A. 1573 (1971). Des monstres. J. Ceard (ed.) Droz, Geneva Pare, A. 1573 (1982). On monsters and marvels (trans. J. L. Pallister) Chicago University Press, Chicago Park, K. and L. Daston. 1981. Unnatural conceptions: the study of monsters in sixteenth and seventeenth century France and England. Past and Present 92: 20-54 Parkes, T.L. et al. 1998. Extension of Drosophila lifespan by over expression of human SOD1 in motorneurons. Nature Genetics 19: 171-174 Partridge, L. and D. Gems. 2002. Mechanisms of ageing: public or private? Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 165-175 Patronek, G.J. et al. 1997. Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontology research. Journal of Gerontology 52A: B171-178 Pearson, K. et al. 1913. A monograph on albinism in man. 3 V. text; 3 V. plates. Draper's company research memoirs, Biometric series X. Dulau & Co. London Pearson, K. 1908. On the inheritance of the deformity known as split-foot or lobster claw. Biometrika 6: 69-79 Pearson, K. 1913. Notes on the Honduras piebald. Biometrika 9: 330-331 Perrett, D.I. et al. 1994. Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature 368: 239-242 Perriton, C. et al. 2002. Sonic hedgehog signalling from the urethral epithelium controls external genital development Developmental Biology 247: 26-46 Piccolo, S. et al. 1996. Dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus: inhibition of ventral signals by direct binding of Chord in to BMP-4. Cell 86: 589-598 Pinto-Correa, C. 1997. The ovary of Eve: egg and sperm and preformationism. Chicago University Press, Chicago Pletcher, S.D. et al. 2002. Genome-wide transcript profiles in aging and calorically restricted Drosophila melanogaster. Current Biology 30: 712-723 Posel, D. 2001. Race as common sense: racial classification in twentieth century South Africa. African Studies Review 44: 87-113 Posner, G. L. and J. Ware. 1986. Mengele: the complete story. Futura, London Power, C. and S. Matthews. 1997. Origins of health inequalities in a national population sample. Lancet 350: 1584-1589 Qu, S. et al. 1998. Mutations in mouse Aristaless-like4 cause Strong's luxoid polydactyly. Development. 125: 2711-2721 Quance, E. 1977. Alexander Graham Bell, human inheritance, and the eugenics movement. Research Bulletin of the National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada. No. 62 Quigley, C.A. et al. 1992. Complete deletion of the androgen receptor gene: definition of the null phenotype of the androgen insensitivity syndrome and determination of carrier status. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 74: 932-933 Ramesar, R.S. et al. 1996. Mapping of the gene for cleidocranial dysplasia in the historical Cape Town (Arnold) kindred and evidence for locus homogeneity. Journal of Medical Genetics 33: 511-514 Ramirez-Solis et al. 1993. Hoxb-4 (Hox-2.6) mutant mice show homeotic transformation of a cerivical rudiment and defects in the closure of the sternal rudiments. Cell 73: 279-294 Rana, B.K. et al. 1999. High polymorphism at the human melanocortin 1 receptor locus. Genetics 151: 1547-1557 Rancourt et al. 1995. Genetic interaction between Hoxb-5 and Hoxb-6 is revealed by nonallelic noncomplementation. Genes and Development 9: 108-122 Reaume, A.G. et al. 1996. Motor neurons in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient mice develop normally but exhibit enhanced cell death after axonal injury. Nature Genetics 13: 43-47 Reed, Ò.Å. and J.V. Neel. 1959. Huntington's chorea in Michigan. American Journal of Human Genetics 11: 107-635 Reeves, R.H. et al. 2001. Too much of a good thing: mechanisms of gene action in Down syndrome. Trends in Genetics 17: 83-241 Reichert, H. and A. Simeone. 2001. Developmental genetic evidence for a monophyletic origin of the bilaterian brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society  356: 1533-1544 Reynolds, A.J. et al. 1999. Trans-gender induction of hair follicles. Nature 402: 46-47 Ricklefs, R.E. and C.E. Finch. 1995. Ageing: a natural history. Scientific American, N.Y. Riddle, R.D. et al. 1993. Sonic hedgehog mediates the Polarizing Activity of the ZPA. Cell 75: 1401-1416 Robbins, L.S. et al. 1993. Pigmentation phenotypes of variant extension locus alleles result from point mutations that alter MSH receptor function. Cell 72: 827-834 Roberts, R.S. 1974. The making of a Rhodesian myth. Rhodesian History 5: 89-91 Robins, A.H. 1991. Biological perspectives on human pigmentation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Rodriguez, J.M. 1870. Descripcion de un monstruo cuadruple, nacido en Durango el ano de 1860. Gaceta Medica de Mexico 5: 33-48 Roessler, E. et al. 1996. Mutations in the human sonic hedgehog gene cause holoprosencephaly. Nature Genetics 14: 357-360 Root, A. 1998. Editorial: does growth hormone have a role in the management of children with nongrowth hormone deficient short stature and intrauterine growth retardation? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83: 1067-1069 Rose, M.R. 1984. Laboratory evolution of postponed senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 38: 1004-1010 Rose, M.R. 1991. Evolutionary biology of ageing. Oxford University Press, N.Y. Rosen, D.R. et al. 1993. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362: 59-62 Rosenbaum, S. et al. 1985. A survey of heights and weights of adults in Great Britain. Annals of Human Biology 12: 115-127 Rosenbloom, A.L. and J.G. Guevara-Aguirre. 1998. Lessons from the genetics of Laron syndrome. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 9: 27-83 Rosenburg, N.A. et al. 2002. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298: 2381-2385 Rosenfeld, R.G. et al. 1994. Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH deficiency. Endocrine Reviews 15: 369-390 Rousseau, F. et al. 1994. Mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 in achondroplasia. Nature 371: 252-254 Rousseau, F. et al. 1995. Stop codon FGFR3 mutations in thanatophoric dwarfism type 1. Nature Genetics 10: 11-12 Rubinsztein, D.C. 2002. Lessons from animal models of Huntington's disease. Trends in Genetics 18: 202-209 Rudolph, K.L. et al. 1999. Longevity, stress response, and cancer in aging telomerase-deficient mice. Cell: 96: 701-712 Russell, A.J. et al. 1994. Mutation in the human gene for 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II leading to male pseudohermaphroditism without salt loss. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 12: 225-237 Sadler, T.W. 2000. Longman's medical embryology (8th ed.) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Saegusa, H. et al. 1996. Targeted disruption of HoxC-4 locus results in axial skeleton homeosis and malformation of the xiphoid process. Developmental Biology 174: 55-64 Saint-Ange, M. 1830. Journal hebdomaidaire de medecine 6: 42-49 Sakai, Y. et al. 2001. The retinoic acid-inactivating enzyme CYP26 is essential for establishing an uneven distribution of retinoic acid along the anterio-posterior axis within the mouse embryo. Genes and Development 15: 213-225 Samaras, T. and H. Elrick. 1999. Height, body size and longevity. Acta Medica Okayama 53: 149-169 Silmaras, T. et al. 1999. Height, health and growth hormone. Acta Paediatrica 88: 602-609 Sandberg, D.E. et al. 1994. Short stature: a psychosocial burden requiring growth hormone therapy? Pediatrics 94: 832-839 Sato, N. et al. 1999. Induction of the hair growth phase in postnatal mice by localized transient expression of sonic hedgehog. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104: 855-864 Saunders, J.W. 1948. The proximo-distal sequence of origin of the parts of the chick wing, and the role of the ectoderm. Journal of Experimental Zoology 108: 363-403 Saunders, J.W. and M.T. Gasseling. 1968. Ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions in the origin of limb symmetry, in R. Fleischmajer and R.F. Billingham (eds). Epithelial-Mesenchymal interactions pp. 78-97 Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore Scarry, E. 2000. On beauty and being just. Duckworth, London Schachter, F. et al. 1994. Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nature Genetics 6: 29-32 Schatz, E. 1901. Die Griechischen Gotter und die Menschlichen Missgeburten. J.F. Bergmann Verlag, Wiesbaden (reprint 1969, Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam Schebesta, P. 1952. Die Negrito Asiens 3 vols. Vienna Schnaas, G. 1974. ElPerro Pelon: mito, fantasia óbiologia. Gaceta medica de mexico 108: 393-400 Schnitzer, E. 1888. Emin Pasha in central Africa. Schweinfurth, G., Ratzel, F. Felkin, RW. Hartlatier, G. (eds) Philip and Son. London Schweinfurth, G. 1878. The heart of Africa (trans. E. E. Frewer). 3rd edition. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, London Segrave, K. 1996. Baldness, a social history. McFarland & Co. Jefferson, NC, USA Semonin, O. et al. 2001. Identification of three novel mutations of the noggin gene in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. American Journal of Medical Genetics 102: 314-317 Serres, E. 1832. Recherches d'anatomie transcendante et pathologique. Theorie des formations et deformations organiques, appliquee a I'anatomie de Ritta-Christina, et de la duplicite monstrueuse. J.B. Balliere, Paris Seward, G.R. 1992. The Elephant Man. British Dental Association, London Shriver, M.D. et al. 2003. Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping. Human Genetics 112: 387-399 Sgro, C. and L. Partridge. 1999. A delayed wave of death from reproduction in Drosophila. Science 286: 2521-2524 Sharpe, P. 2001. Fish scale development: hair today, teeth and scales yesterday? Current Biology II: R751-752 Sharpe, R.M. 1998. The roles of estrogen in the male. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 9: 371-377 Shay, J.W. and W.E. Wright. 2000. Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology I: 72-75 Shea, B.T. and A.M. Gomez. 1988. Tooth scaling and evolutionary dwarfism: an investigation of allometry in human pygmies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77: 117-132 Shea, B.T. 1989. Heterochrony in human evolution: the case for neoteny reconsidered. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 32: 69-101 Shea, B.T. and R.C. Bailey. 1986. Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African pygmies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100: 311-340 Shiels, P.G. et al. 1999. Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep. Nature 399: 317 Shozu; M. et al. 1991. A new cause of female pseudohermaphroditism: placental aromatase deficiency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 72: 560-566. Shubin, N.H. and P. Alberch. 1986. A morphogenetic approach to the organization of the tetrapod limb. Evolutionary Biology 20: 319-387 Shubin, N.H. et al. 1997. Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature 388: 639-648 Sidow, A. et al. 1999. A novel member of the F-box/WD40 gene family, encoding dactylin, is disrupted in the mouse dactylaplasia mutant. Nature Genetics 23: 104-107 Siebold, von C.T. 1878. Die Haarige familie von Ambras. Archiv fur Anthropolgie 10: 253-260 Silventoinen, K. et al. 1999. Social background, adult body-height and health. International Journal of Epidemiology 28: 911-918 Siminoski, K. and J. Bain. 1993. The relationship among height; penile length and foot size. Annals of Sex Research 6: 231-235 Sinclair, A.H. et al. 1990. A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346: 240-244 Slijper, E.J. 1942. Biologic-anatomical investigations on the bipedal gait and upright posture in mammals, with special reference to a little goat, born without forelegs. I., II. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschap 45: 288-295; 407-415 Smith, E.P. et al. 1994. Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 1056-1061 Smith, R. et al. 1998. Melanocortin 1 receptor variants in an Irish population. Journal of Investigative Dermatology III: 119-122 Sordino, P. et al. 1995. Hoxgene expression in teleostfins and the origin of vertebrate digits. Nature 375: 678-681 Sornson, M.W. et al. 1996. Pituitary lineage determination by the Prophet of Pit-1 homeodomain factor defective in Ames dwarfism. Nature. 384: 327-332 Sparks, C.S. and R.L. Jantz. 2002. A reassessment of human cranial plasticity: Boas revisited. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 14636-14639 Spemann, H. and H. Mangold. 1924. Uber die induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren. Archiv fur mikroskopische Anatomie und Entwicklungsmechanik 100: 599-638 Spencer, R. 2000a. Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins: Part 1: Embryogenesis. Clinical Anatomy 13: 36-53 Spencer, R. 2000b. Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins: Part 2: Adjustments to union. Clinical Anatomy 13: 97-20 Spencer, R. 2001. Theoretical and analytical embryology of conjoined twins: Part 3: External, internal (fetuses in fetu and teratomas) and detached (Acardiacs). Clinical Anatomy 14: 428-444 Steinman, G. 2001a. Mechanisms of twinning. I. Effect of environmental diversity on genetic expression in monozygotic multifetal pregnancies. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 46: 467-472 Steinman, G. 2001b. Laterality and intercellular bonding in monozygotic twinning. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 46: 473-479 Stephens, J.C. et al. 2001. Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes. Science 293: 489-493 Stephens, T.D. et al. 2000. Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. Biochemical Pharmacology 59: 1489-1499 Stevens, G. et al. 1997. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA2) in sub-Saharan Africa: distribution of the common 2.7-kb P gene deletion mutation. Human Genetics 99: 523-527 Stratakis, C.A. et al. 1998. The aromatase excess syndrome is associated with feminization of both sexes and autosomal dominant transmission of aberrant P 450 aromatase gene transcription. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83: 1348-1357 Sturm, R.A. et al. 1998. Human pigmentation genetics: the difference is only skin deep. Trends in Genetics 20: 712-721 Subramaniam, J.R. et al. 2002. Mutant SODI causes motor neuron disease independent of copper chaperone-mediated copper loading. Nature Neuroscience 5: 301-307 Sun, X. et al. 2002. Functions of FGF signalling from the apical ectodermal ridge in limb development. Nature 418: 501-508 Sutton, J.B. 1890. Evolution and disease. Walter Scott, London Szabo, G. et al. 1969. Racial differences in the fate of the melanosomes. Nature 222: 1081-1082 Tabin, C. 1998. A developmental model for thalidomide defects. Nature 396: 322-323 Tabin, C. 1999. Developmental model for thalidomide action – reply. Nature 400: 420 Takahashi, E. Secular trend in milk consumption and growth in Japan. Human Biology 56: 427-437 Ta-Mei, W. et al. 1982. Craniopagus parasiticus: a case report of a parasitic head protruding from the right side of the face. British Journal of Plastic Surgery 35: 304-311 Tang, D.G. et al. 2001. Lack of replicative senesence in cultured rat oligodendrocyte precusor cells. Science 291: 868-871 Tanner, J.M. 1981. A history of the study of human growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Tanner, J.M. 1984. Foetus into man. (Revised ed.) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Tassabehji, M. et al. 1992. Waardenburg's syndrome patients have mutations in the human homologue of the Pax-3 paired box gene. Nature 355: 635-636 Tatsumi, K. et al. 1992. Cretinism with combined hormone deficiency caused by a mutation in the pit-1 gene. Nature Genetics 1: 56-58 Taussig, H.B. 1988. Evolutionary origin of cardiac malformations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12: 1079-1086 Tavormina, P.L. et al. 1995. Thanatophoric dysplasia (types I and II) caused by distinct mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nature Genetics 9: 321-328 Thadini, K.I. 1934. The toothless men of Sind. Journal of Heredity 26: 65-66 Thangaraj, K. 2003. Genetic affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a vanishing human populations. Current Biology 13: 86-93 Thiery, M. and H. Houtzager. 1997. Der Vrouwen Vrouwlijcheit. Erasmus, Rotterdam Thompson, A.A. and L.T. Nguyen. 2000. Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and radio-ulnar synostosis are associated with HOXA11 mutation. Nature Genetics 26: 397-398 Thompson, C.J.S. 1930 (1994) The history and lore of freaks. Senate. London Thornhill, R. and S.W. Gangestad. 1999. Facial attractiveness. Trends in Cognitive Science 3: 452-460 Tibbies, J.A.R and M.M. Cohen. 1986. The Proteus syndrome: the Elephant Man diagnosed. British Medical Journal 293: 683-685 Tickle, C. et al. 1975. Positional signalling and specification of digits in chick limb morphogenesis. Nature 20: 199-202 Tietze-Conrat, E. 1957. Dwarfs and jesters in art. Phaidon. London Tjalma, R.A. 1966. Canine bone sarcoma: estimation of relative risk as function of body size. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 36: 1137-1150 Toda, K. et al. 1972. Racial differences in melanosomes. Nature New Biology 236: 143-145 Ton, C.T. et al. 1991. Positional cloning and characterization of a Paired Box- and Homeobox-containing gene from the Aniridia region. Cell 67: 1059-1074 Touchefeu-Meynier, Î. 1992. Kyklops, Kyklopes. text pp.154-9; plates pp.69-75 in Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classical: VI: 1 (text); 2 (plates) Townsend, P. et al. 1992. Inequalities in health. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK Trotter, M. 1928. Hair growth and shaving. Anatomipal Record 37: 373-379 Tsukui, T. et al. 1999. Multiple left-right asymmetry defects in Shh-/-mutant mice unveil a convergence of the Shh and retinoic acid pathways in the control of Lefty-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 96: 11376-11381 Twitty, V.C. 1966. Of scientists and salamanders. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco Twitty, V.C. and J.L. Schwind. 1931. The growth of eyes and limbs transplanted heteroplastically between two species of Amblystoma (sic). Journal of Experimental Zoology 59: 61-86 Tyson, E. 1699 (1966). A philological essay concerning the pygmies of the ancients. B. Windle (ed.). David Nutt, London Unthan, C.H. 1935. The armless fiddler: a pediscript. George Allen & Unwin, London Valenzano, M. et al. 1999. Sirenomelia. Pathological features, antenatal ultrasonographic clues, and a review of current embryogenic theories. Human Reproductive Update 5: 82-86 Valverde, P. et al. 1995. Variants of the melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans. Nature Genetics II: 328-330 Vassart, G. 2000. TSH receptor mutations and diseases Ch. 16a. The Thyroid and Its Diseases: Vieille-Grosjean, I. et al. 1997. Branchial Hox gene expression and human craniofaciall development. Developmental Biology 183: 49-60 Viljoen, D.L. and P. Beighton. 1984. The split-hand and split-foot anomaly in a central African Negro population. American Journal of Medical Genetics 19: 545-552 Viljoen, D.L. and S.H. Kidson. 1990. Mirror-polydactlyly – pathogenesis based on a morphogen gradient theory. American Journal of Medical Genetics 35: 229-235 Voss, J.W. and M.G. Rosenfeld. 1992. Anterior pituitary development. Cell 70: 527-530 Vrolik, W. 1834. Over den aard en oorsprong der cyclopie. Niewe verhandelingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederland Instituut. 5: 25112 Vrolik, W. 1844-49. Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. Amsterdam, London Waaler, H.T. 1984. Height, weight and mortality: the Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavia Supplement 679: 1-56 Walton, M.T. et al. 1993. Of monsters and prodigies: the interpretation of birth defects in the sixteenth century. American Journal of Medical Genetics 47: 7-13 Watanabe, A. et al. 1998. Epistatic relationship between Waardenburg syndrome genes MITF and PAX3. Nature Genetics 18: 283-286 Weber, G. 1995-99. Lonely islands: the Andamanese. The Andaman Association, Switzerland: Weinstein, B.S. and D. Ciszek. 2002. The reserve-capacity hypothesis: evolutionary origins and modern implications of the trade-off between tumor-suppression and tissue repair: Experimental Gerontology 37: 615-627 Westendorp, R.G.J, and T.B.L. Kirkwood. 1998. Human longevity and the cost of reproductive success. Nature 396: 743-746 Wilkie, A.O. et al. 1995. Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nature Genetics 9: 165-172 Williams, D. 1996. Deformed discourse. The function of the monstrous in medieval thought. University of Exeter Press Williams, G.C. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senesence. Evolution II: 398-411 Williams, G.R. 1998. Thyroid hormone action on cartilage and bone: interactions with other hormones at the epiphyseal plate and effects on linear growth. Journal of Endocrinology 157: 391-403 Williamson, S. and R. Nowak. 1998. The truth about women. New Scientist. 159: 34-35 Willier, B.H. and J.M. Oppenheimer. 1964. Foundations of experimental embryology. Prentice-Hall, N.J. Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000a. Demography of longevity: past, present, arid future trends. Experimental Gerontology 35: 1111-1129 Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000b. Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999. Science 289: 2366-2386 Wilmut, I. 2002. Are there any normal cloned animals? Nature Medicine 8: 215-216 Wilmut, I. et al. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810-813 Wilson, D. 1993. Signs and portents: monstrous births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Routledge, London Wilson, J.D. and C. Roehrborn. 1999. Long term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84: 4324-4331 Winter, R.M. 1996. What's in a face? Nature Genetics 12: 124-129 Winter, R.M. and D. Donnai. 1989. A possible human homologue for the mouse mutant disorganisation. Journal of Medical Genetics 26: 417-420 Wittkower, R. 1942. Marvels of the East. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5: 159-197 Wolpert, L. 1971. Positional information and pattern formation. Developmental Biology 6: 183-224 Woolf, C.M. and F.C. Dukepoo. 1969. Hopi Indians, inbreeding, and albinism. Science 164: 30-37 Worden, G. 2002. Mutter Museum. Blast Books, N.Y. Wright, S. 1935. A mutation of the guinea-pig, tending to restore the pentadactyl foot when heterozygous, producing a monstrosity when heterozygous. Genetics 20: 84-107 Wu, W. et al. 1998. Mutations in prop-1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nature Genetics 18: 147-149 Yang, A. et al. 1999. ðáçis essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398: 714-718 Yang, Y. et al.1997. Relationship between dose, distance and time in sonic hedgehog mediated regulation of anteroposterior polarity in the chick limb. Development 124: 4393-4404 Yu, C.E. et al. 1989. Positional cloning of the Werner's syndrome gene. Science 272: 258-262 Yule, H. 1858. A narrative of the mission sent by the Governor-General of India to the court of Ava in 1855. Bell, N.Y. Zeikany, J. et al. 1997. Regulation of number and size of digits by posterior Hox genes: A dose dependent mechanism with potential evolutionary implications. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 1395-13700 Zapperi. R. 1995. Ein Haarmensch auf einem Gamalde von Agostino Carracci. in Hagner, M. (ed.) Der falsche Korper: Bietriige zu einer Geschichte der Monstrositaten. Wallstein, Gottingen Zekraoui, L. et al. 1997. High frequency of the apolipoprotein ?4 allele in African pygmies and most of the African populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Biology 69: 575-581 Zeng, X. et al. 2001. A freely diffusible form of sonic hedgehog mediates long-range signalling. Nature 411: 716-720 Zguricas, J. et al. 1999. Clinical and genetics studies on 12 preaxial polydactlyly families and refinement of the localization of the gene responsible to a1.9 cM region on chromosome 7q35. Journal of Medical Genetics 36: 32-40 Zhou, X.-P. et al. 2000. Germline and germline mosaic PTEN mutations associated with a Proteus-like syndrome of hemihypertrophy, lowerlimb asymmetry, arteriovenous malformations and lipomatosis. Human Molecular Genetics 19: 765-768 Zhou, X.-P. et al. 2001. Association of germline mutation in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and Proteus and Proteus-like syndromes. Lancet 358: 210-211 Zimmerman, L.B. et al. 1996. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates Bone morphogenetic protein-4. Cell 86: 599-606 Zou, H. and L. Niswander. 1996. Requirement for BMP signalling in interdigital apoptosis and scale formation. Science 272: 738-741 |
|
||
Ãëàâíàÿ | Êîíòàêòû | Ïðèñëàòü ìàòåðèàë | Äîáàâèòü â èçáðàííîå | Ñîîáùèòü îá îøèáêå |
||||
|